]> plural, e.g.: All Cretans are liars Meyer suggested a loan from Kurdish, but generally considered PIE "sem-k̑o-", root "sem" `one'. Huld 69. Mann 109. Walde 489*. Pokorny 903. PG "alla-", PIE root "al-". Walde 90. Pokorny 25. Kluge "all". Watkins "al-5". Pop. Lat. "tottus" for Classical "tōtus", replacing the unrelated "omnis". PIE "tēu-" `swell'. Pokorny 1080. BW. PG "alla-", PIE root "al-". Walde 90, Pokorny 25, Kluge "all", Watkins "al-5". Since "a-" is a common prefix, perhaps etymologically connected with "pau" (PNP "pau"), which can share the meaning `completely'. PE. Best guess is *"opnis", PIE root "op" `work'. EM. Sihler 43. Walde 123. Pokorny 780. Watkins "op-1". Räsänen derives from "büt" `finish, be complete'. Räsänen 93b. Generally considered a loan from LAT, but possibly native, perhaps cognate. Mann 209, Huld 60. Not in Pokorny. Cognate with GER "und". The two main theories are that these words are related to Lat. "ante", PIE "H₂anti" `facing'; and that they connect with "en" `in'. OED. Skeat. Walde 67. Pokorny 50. Kluge "und". Watkins "en". From LAT "et". BW. PIE "H₂anti" `facing' or "en" `in'. Skeat. Walde 67. Pokorny 50. Kluge "und". Watkins "en". PCP "a". PE. PIE "eti" `beyond'. EM. Sihler 441. Pokorny 344. Watkins "eti". Loan from Arabic "wa". Not in Räsänen. Wehr 1224. Also means `thing', and is a loan from Lat. "causa", which has no known cognates. Mann 2. Huld 79 (citing also Meyer, Haarmann). EM "causa". Not in Pokorny. Loan from LAT. Skeat. Loan from LAT (native development of "animalia" was "aumaille"). BW. PG "deuza-", PIE "dhewes", PIE "dheu-" `fly about'. Pokorny 261. Kluge. Root is "holo" `run', from PPN "solo". PE. Nominalization of adj. "animālis", from "anima", PIE "H₂anH₁-" `breathe'. Sihler 46. Walde 56. Pokorny 38. Watkins "anə-". Via Persian from Arabic "ḥaywān", root `alive'. Räsänen 153a. Wehr 257. PAlb "hin-", possibly cognate to the LAT "cinis" as "sk̑ino-", though there are problems. Huld 74. Walde 392. PG "H₂ask-" or "H₂azg-", velar extension of PIE "H₂as-" `hearth', from `burn'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 69. Kluge "Asche". Watkins "as-". LAT "cinerem". BW. PG "H₂ask-" or "H₂azg-", as ENG. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 69. Kluge "Asche". Watkins "as-". PPN "refu". Cf. POc. "qapu". PE. Blust. Best guess for PIE root is "ken" `scratch', possibly "sk̑in" if ALB ties in. Sihler 37. Walde 392, Pokorny 560. EM. Watkins "keni-". Räsänen 307b. `In, on, at'; source perhaps PIE "endo". Mann 207. Huld 97 (citing Meyer, Tagliavini, Jokl, Rosetti). PIE "H₂ad" `to, at'. Skeat. Walde 45. Pokorny 3. OED. Sihler 441. Watkins "ad-". From LAT. BW. PG "ana", extension of "an". Pokorny suggests a connection to "nahe" `near'. Walde 58. Pokorny 39. Kluge. Watkins "an-1". PCP "ma". PE. PIE "H₂ad". Pokorny 3. EM. Loan from Lat. "spīna" `thorn, backbone', from PIE "spei-nā-", root "spei". Not in Mann, Huld. Çabej 131. Janson 113. EM "spīna". Pokorny 981. Watkins "spei-". PG "bakom". Skeat. OED. Not in Pokorny. Pop. Lat. "dossum", Class. "dorsum". I assume "-so-" is a suffix. BW. Not in Pokorny. EM 184. Watkins [dorsum]. From PG "hrugjaz", PIE "kreuk-", extension of "(s)ker", `turn'. Kluge. Pokorny 938. Watkins "sker". PPN "tu`a". POc word is "muri". PE. There is no certain etymology beyond Latin, but one guess is a PIE "(s)terg" `stretch', root "(s)ter" `stiff'. Tucker further suggests a connection with "terra", but that's very dubious. Walde 629*. Pokorny 1023. Räsänen 26a. Generally believed to be a loan from Greek "kakos", although this isn't clear; it could be native. Either way, it sounds like a common nursery word, /kaka/. Mann 112. Huld 79. Walde 336. OED, Skeat. Pop. Lat. "malifātius" `ill-fated'. The first element is descendant of LAT "malus". BW. PG "slihta-" `level, smooth' (Eng. "slight"), base "slik-". Generally referred to "(s)lei-" `slip, slimy'. "Leip" `fat', basis of "Leber", "liver", may be a "-p-" extension. Walde 391*. Pokorny 504. Kluge. PNP "kino". PE. FRE "mau(vais)". PIE root "mel" `bad', conceivably "(s)mēlo-" `small animal'. Walde 291*, 296*. Pokorny 724. EM. Watkins "mel-5", "mēlo-". Not in Räsänen. Dankoff, p. 163: may be a loan from Arm. /godi/. of tree Kiçi. Not in Drizari, Kacori. From ON "bark-", PG "barkuz". OED. Skeat. LAT "scortea", from "scortum" `hide', PIE "skere-t-", from "(s)ker-" `cut'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 941. PWG "rendōn". Perhaps a PIE root "rendh" `tear'. Pokorny 865. OED "rind". Also `skin'. PPN "kili". PE. PIE "kr̥t" or "kort", extension of PIE root "(s)ker" `cut'. Walde 578*. EM. Pokorny 941. Watkins "sker-1". From "Kāp" `cover'. Räsänen 234b. I.e., "se për se". "Për" `for, by, because of', PIE "per". Pokorny 810. Mann 122, 210. Huld 110. Walde 520. "Be-" is native, "-cause" is from French (cf. Alb. `animal'). Skeat. "Par" from Lat. "per", PIE "per". BW. Pokorny 810. Watkins "per-1". OHG "dia wīla so", PG "hwīlō", PIE "kʷeiH" `be quiet'. Kluge. Pokorny 638. Watkins "kʷeiə-2". "Mea" (PPN "me`a") means `thing' or `cause' and is the core of most explicit expressions for `because'. PE. Acc. neut. of "quī", relative developed from the interrogative/indefinites, PIE "kʷ". Sihler 399. Pokorny 644. EM. Watkins "kʷo-". From "için" `because of', from "iç" `inside'. Räsänen 121b. Generally referred to PIE "bher" `carry'. Huld 40. Walde 154*. Pokorny 129. OE "belg", PG "balgiz" `bag', from PIE "bhelg̑h-" `swell', an extension of "bhel-" `inflate', whence also perhaps "blow". Pokorny 121, 126. OED. Skeat. Watkins "bhelgh-". From LAT. Dauzat. OHG "būh", PG "būka-", PIE "bhū-" `inflate'. Onomatopoetic for sound of blowing. Pokorny 98. Kluge. PPN "koopuu". POc word is "tian". PE. Blust. Possibly "wen-tri" is a tabu deformation of "udero-". EM. Walde 191. Pokorny 1105. Watkins "udero-". Räsänen 238a. PAlb "mað", PIE "mag̑yo-", root "mag̑-". Mann 111. Huld 88. Walde 257. Pokorny 708. Sometimes referred to ON, but this is just because it wasn't attested in pre-Viking texts. An idea that it is related to Ger. "Bauch" `belly' (i.e., `inflated') is not widely accepted. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 100. Lat. "grandis", PIE "gʷrendh-" `swell'. BW. Pokorny 485. OHG "grōz", PWG "grautaz" `coarse', PG "greuta-" `grate', PIE root "ghrēu-" `grate', extension of "gher" `scrape'. Kluge. Pokorny 460. Watkins "ghrēu". PNP "nui". PE. PIE "mag̑nos", root "mag̑-". Tucker perceives a pre-PIE etymon "ma-" `big' here and in many other words such as "mare" `sea', "maritus" `husband', but that seems fanciful. Pokorny 708. EM. Sihler 99. Walde 258*. Watkins "meg-". PAlb "zog". Many guesses as to IE etymology (Pokorny lists "g̑hāgʷh-"), but may well be a loan. Mann 35. Huld 135. Walde 531. Pokorny 409. Skeat. Pokorny 132. OED. Lat. *"aucellus" from *"avicellus", diminutive of LAT "avis", PIE "H₂awis". Dauzat. BW. OHG "fogal", PG "fugla-". This is often referred to "flug-" `fly, feather', with a misbehaving /l/ (PIE "pleuk", from "pleu" `flow', itself perhaps from "pelH" `fill'); but could also be a PIE "pu" `young, small'. Pokorny 835, 843. Kluge. OED "fowl". Watkins "pleu-", "pau-". PPN "manu", PMP "manuk". PE. Blust. PIE "H₂awi-". Sihler 44. Pokorny 86. Walde 32. EM. Watkins "awi-". Räsänen 305a. Drizari: "kafshój" `I bite'. Not in Walde. OE, PG "bītan", PIE "bheid-" `split', perhaps from "bheiH-" `hit'. Skeat. OED. Kluge "beißen". Pokorny 116. Watkins "bheid-". Pop. Lat. *"morde-", Class. LAT "mordē-". BW. OHG "bīz(z)an", PG "bītan", PIE "bheid-" `split', root perhaps "bheiH-" `hit'. OED. Kluge "beißen". Pokorny 116. PE. Iterative suffix PIE "-éye/o" on PIE stem "merd-", possibly extension to root "merH" `rub raw'. Pokorny 737. Sihler 504. Walde 279*. EM. Watkins "mer-2". Räsänen 162a. Fem. "zezë". Pre-PAlb stem "zɪd-". PIE root approximately "gʷidh-" . Mann 110. Huld 134. Walde 696. Pokorny 485. OE "blæc", PG "blakko-", presumably from "blak-no-" `burnt', PIE stem "bhleg-" `burn, shine', from "bhel-" `shine'. Pokorny 124. Walde 215*. OED. Skeat. Watkins "bhel-1". Lat. "niger". Watkins sees a root "negʷ". Dauzat. BW. EM "niger". Not in Pokorny. Watkins "negʷ-ro-". OHG "swarz", PWG "swartaz", PIE "swordos". Watkins "swordo-". PPN "kelekele". Reduplicative. PE. Mostly belongs to the written language (but Fre. "airelle"), contrast "niger". Perhaps PIE "ātr" `fire' (i.e., `burnt black'). Walde 42. Pokorny 69. EM. Watkins "āter-". Räsänen 235a. PIE "sokʷos" `juice'. Mann 37. Huld 67. Walde 515*, 468*. Pokorny 1044. OE "blōd", PG "blōdam". Best guess is PIE "bhel-" `swell, flow'. Skeat. OED. Kluge "Blut". Pokorny 122. LAT "sanguen". For /g/ cf. "sanglant". BW. OHG "bluot", PG "blōdam"; see ENG. PPN "toto". /ko/ itself isn't a legal word, but I'll treat as reduplicative anyway, to be safe. PE. EM. Sihler 291. Walde 162. Räsänen 230a. Same morpheme as `breathe'. Çabej suggested onomatopoetic. Mann 38. Huld 65. Not in Pokorny. OE "blāwan", PG "blǣwan", PIE "bhleH₁", prob. from root "bhel" `blow up, swell'. Pokorny 121. OED. Kluge "blasen, blähen, Blatt". Walde 177*. Skeat. Watkins "bhlē-2". 12th c. derivation from "vent" `wind'. BW. OHG "blāsan", PG "blǣsan", PIE "bhleH", from "bhel" `blow up, swell'. Pokorny 121. OED. Kluge "blasen, blähen, Blatt". Walde 177*. Skeat. PPN "pusi", POc "pusi". This sounds like onomatopoeia. PE. Ross. PIE "bhlā-", variant of "bhleH₂-", probably extension of root "bhel-". Perhaps there is a connection with the homonymous root `bloom'. Onomatopoeia? Tucker. Sihler 529. Walde 179*. EM. Pokorny 121. Watkins "bhlē-". Räsänen 49b. Ringe 1993: /kockə/. Drizari: "koskë, eshtra". OE "bān", PG "bainam". Skeat. OED. Kluge "Bein". EM "os". LAT "ossum", a less standard form than "os". BW. MHG "knoche". No clear etymology; guesses have been `knee' (qv) and a PIE "gen-" `press together' (Pokorny). Perhaps (Kluge) onomatopoeia for cracking one's joints (cf. Ger. "knacken" `crack', Eng. "knock"). Walde 582. Kluge. Pokorny 370. PPN "iwi". PIE "ost-". Tucker. Sihler 319. Walde 186. Pokorny 783. Watkins "ost-". Räsänen 251a. woman's Mann compares to Lat. "sinus". Not in Walde. Mann 92. OE "brēost", PG "breustam", "brusts", PIE "bhreus" `swell', perhaps ext. of "bhreu" `boil'. Some connect to "breathe", "burn", qq.v. Pokorny 171. Skeat. Kluge "Brust". Watkins "breus-1". Lat. "sinus", orig. a fold in the garment where mothers carried their babies. No further etymology, although Mann compares to ALB. Dauzat. BW. EM "sinus". OHG "brust", PG "brusts", see ENG. PPN "huhu", POc, PMP "susu". Perhaps a nursery word. PE. Blust. Earlier generations attempted to derive from some such root as "mad" + "-ma", but it seems clear now that this is purely nursery talk, also means `mother', and is same stem as in "mater", hypocoristic gemination. Tucker. Sihler 224. Walde 221*, 232*. EM. Pokorny 694. `Teat, nipple, udder, breast'. This seems a nursery word. Räsänen 333b. `He takes breath.' Distinctive part is "frymë" `breath'. Some have attempted to connect to LAT. OE "brǣþ" `odour', PG "brǣþaz". Pokorny has a PIE "bher-", which has extension "bhreus" `swell', as in "breast". Kluge, Watkins prefer PIE "gʷhreH" `smell', extension of "gʷher" `heat'? Kluge "Brodem". OE. Pokorny 132. Skeat. Watkins "gʷhrē-". Loan from LAT "respiro". BW. Noun "Atem", from OHG "ātum", PWG "ǣð(u)ma-", PIE "ētmó-" `breath', root "ēt". Kluge. Pokorny 345. Watkins "ētmen-". PPN "fangu". PE. Onomatopoeia? Pokorny sees a PIE "(s)peis" `blow'; possibly connected to ALB. EM. Walde 11*. Pokorny 796. Watkins "[spīrāre]". `To take ("almak") breath ("nefes")', the latter Arabic /nafas/, root /nfs/ `precious'. Stachowski, v. 3, p. 18. Wehr 1155. intransitive "Digjet" is reflexive; base transitive is "djeg" (both numbers). PA "djeg-", earlier "dɛg-", PIE "dhegʷh-" `burn'. Drizari. Kacori 256. Huld 53. Mann 154. Pokorny 240, 7. OE "brinnan", PG "brinnan". Probably nasal extension of "gʷher" `heat' (Kluge). But possibly tied in with PIE "bher" `boil'. Pokorny 144, 132, 170. Walde 167*. Skeat. Kluge "brennen". Watkins "gʷher". Appears to be a crossing of OF "usler" (Lat. "ustulare", from "uro", PIE "eus") with OF "bruir" (Frankish "brōjan", close to Ger. "brühen" `brew', MHG `burn', PIE ultimately "bher" `boil'). Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 348. EM "uro". OHG "brennan", PG "brinnan". See ENG. PNP "kaa", from PPN "kakaha". Replaces POc "tunu". This sounds rather like a cry of pain; motivated? PE. Blust. Extension of "āreo" `be dry'. EM "areo". Tucker. Pokorny 68. Lubotsky, p. 59. Watkins "as-". Root is "ya", cf. "jak" `kindle'. Räsänen 184b. Loan from Lat. "familia", from "famulus" `domestic servant', derived from a "fam-" not elsewhere attested, but perhaps from "dheH" `put'. EM "famulus". Huld 10. Janson 116. Pokorny 238. OE "cild", PG "kilþam". Uncertain, one theory has PIE "gelt-" `pregnant belly' from "gel" `ball'. Pokorny 358. OED. Walde 614. Skeat. From Lat. "infantem", "in-" `not' + "fa" `speak' (PIE "bhaH") + "nt" pres. part. BW. EM "infans", "for". Pokorny 105. Watkins "bhā-2". OHG "kind", PG "kinþa-". Probably "to"-participle of PIE "g̑enH" `be born'. Kluge. Pokorny 373. Walde 576. Watkins "genə". PCP "taiti", from "ta(ma)" `child' + "ʔiti" `small'. Is the "ta" at some point the same element as in "kāne" and "kanaka", i.e., `person'? PE. Marck. PIE "pu-", "pau-" `small'. Tucker. Walde 76*. Pokorny 843. Watkins "pau-". Räsänen 113a. `Finger-, toe-nail, claw'. PAlb "θua, θoNi", earlier "θonC-." Approx. PIE "k̑eH₁n(T)s". Huld 120. Mann 44. OE "clawu" (influenced by the verb), PG "klǣwō". Perhaps PIE "gel". Skeat. Kluge "Klaue". Walde 618. Pokorny 361. Watkins "gel-1e ". Most direct interpretation is that it is a loan from post-OHG-cons-shift Frankish *"grif", PG "grip-", PIE "ghreib-" `grip'. BW. Watkins "ghreib-". OHG "klāwa", PG "klǣwō", see ENG. Kluge "Klaue". Walde 618. Pokorny 361. PCP "mitikao". PE. PIE "H₃nogʷh-" `nail, hoof'. Sihler 86, 97. Walde 180. Pokorny 780. Watkins "nogh-". `Fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof'. Räsänen 479a. PAlb "ren", pl. "ran". Meyer equated with Ger. "Rauch" `smoke' (PIE "reug"), Huld with Lat. "ros" `dew'. Huld 107. Walde 357*. Pokorny 872. OE "clūd" `rock', PG "klūdaz", PIE "glūto-", root "gel" `ball'. OED. Pokorny 357. Skeat. Walde 618. Watkins "gel-". Archaic "nue", Pop. Lat. "nūba", for Class. "nūbēs". Dauzat. BW. OHG "wolcan", PG "wulkna-", PIE "wl̥g", root "welg". Kluge "Wolke". Pokorny 1145. PPN "`ao", POc "qaRoq". PE. Ross. PIE "sneudh" `fog'; some have connected to "snaH" `flow' (Lat. "no" `swim'). Pokorny 978. Walde 697*. EM. Watkins "sneudh-". From "bulğa" `to cloud, darken'. Räsänen 88b, 88a. PAlb "ftohëtë", adj. form of "ftoh" `I chill'. "F-" is privative, root is PIE "tep" of Lat. "tepeo". Mann 160. Pokorny 1070. Huld 65. Walde 719. Watkins "tep-". Angl. OE "cald", PG "kaldaz", "-to-" part. to PIE root "gel". OED. Walde 622. Pokorny 365. Skeat. Watkins "gel-3". Pop. Lat. "frĭgidus", Class. LAT "frīgidus". BW. OHG "kalt", PG "kaldaz", see ENG. Kluge "kalt". PCP "anu". "Frīgeo" `be cold', PIE stative stem "srigeH₁", root "srīg". Pokorny 1004. EM "frigus". Sihler 497, 214. Walde 705*. Watkins "srīg-". From "soğu", `become cold'. Räsänen 425a. Loan from Lat. "venit". Mann 163, Huld 129. OE "cuman", PG "kuman", PIE root "gʷem". Skeat. Walde 675. OED. Pokorny 463. Watkins "gʷā-". LAT. BW. OHG "kuman", PG "kuman", see ENG. Kluge "kommen". Same as `go', but with `hither' particle (POc "ma(R)i", PMP "um-aRi" `come') added. PCP "sele", PPN "sa`ele". PE. Blust. PIE "gʷm̥-ye/o-", see ENG. Sihler 96, 503. EM "venio". Räsänen 248b. Not in Mann, Huld, Janson. I assume from Lat. "numerare", viz., noun "numër". Kiçi. OF "conter", see FRE. Skeat. OED. Spelling variant of "conte". Lat. "computo", prefix "com-" `with, together' + Lat. root "put" `think', orig. `prune', PIE "pu-to-", participle of "pēu" `strike'. Note no part of the original root "pu-" survives. OED. BW. Pokorny 827. EM "puto". Watkins "peu-". OHG "zellen", PG "talja", PIE "del" `(re)count'. Orig. vowel visible in "Zahl" `number'. Pokorny 193. Kluge "zählen". Watkins "del-2". PE. "Numerus" `number', PIE "nomeso-", root "nem" `assign, take'. Sihler 43, 70. Walde 331. Pokorny 763. EM "numerus". Watkins "nem-". Räsänen 390a. PIE "per" `hit'. Huld 105. Pokorny 819. Walde 42*. Watkins "per-5". Prob. ME borrowing from Scand., cf. dial. Swed. "kuta", "kata" `cut'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Noun "coup", Pop. Lat. "colpus", "colaphus" `punch', Greek "kólaphos" `a blow', PIE "kolH₁bho-", root "kelH" `strike'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 545. Watkins "kel-1". OHG "snīdan", PG "sneiþa", PIE root "sneit" `cut'. Pokorny 974. Kluge "schneiden". Walde 695*. Watkins "sneit-". Possibly a `transitive' "-i". PPN "koti". PE. PIE "skei-" `cut', root "sek" `cut'. EM "seco". Pokorny 895. Walde 474. BW "couper". Watkins "skei-". Räsänen 257b. Possibly PIE "dei" `shine', but more likely a PIE "diHti" `period of time', root "diH" `divide'. Pokorny 175. Mann 77. Huld 52. Janson 182. Walde 774*. Watkins "deiw-", "dā-". OE "dæg", PG "dagaz". Not connected to Lat. "dies". PIE "dhogʷh" `burn', root "dhegʷh-", crossed with PIE "ag̑her" `day', root "ag̑h". Skeat. Walde 849. OED. Pokorny 7, 240. Watkins "dhegʷh-". "agh-1". Earlier "jorn", Pop. Lat. "diurnus", adj. (infl. by "nocturnus") of Class. LAT "dies". BW. EM "dies". OHG "tag", PG "dagaz", see ENG. Kluge "Tag". `Sun, day'. PPN "la`aa". PE. PIE "dyews" (crossed with "divus", etc.), root "dyeu" `shine bright'. EM "dies". Pokorny 184. Sihler 338. Walde 773. Watkins "deiw-". Räsänen 309a. Huld relates to "ndjek" `chase', and derives from a "H₂aw(o)-tokʷ-ey-", root "tekʷ" `run'. Huld 124. Mann 165. Kacori 247. ME "degen"; its absence in OE suggests it is a loan from ON "deyja", PIE root "dheu". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 260. Watkins "dheu-3". Pop. Lat. "morire", Class. LAT "mori". Dauzat. BW. OHG "sterban", PG "sterban", PIE root "(s)ter" `stiff'. Kluge "sterben". Pokorny 1022. Walde 632*. "Make" by itself also means `die'; "loa" is intensive. PPN, POc "mate", PMP "matay". PE. Blust. PIE "mr̥ye" (durative thematic), root "mer" `die'. Perhaps derived from "merH" `be rubbed out'. Pokorny 735. EM "morior". Sihler 503. Walde 276. Räsänen 371a. Kiçi & Aliko (1969). Not in Mann, Huld, Janson. Likely a loan ultimately from Dutch, perhaps via Fre. "digue" `trench'. PIE root "dheiHgʷ" `stick'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 244. Watkins "dhīgʷ-". Noun "creux", *"crosus", unknown, prob. Celtic. BW. Dauzat. OHG "graban", PG "graban", PIE "ghrebh" `dig, scratch', perhaps from "ghrebh" `seize'. Pokorny 455. Kluge "graben". Watkins "ghrebh-2". PPN, PCEMP "keli", PMP "kali". PE. Blust. Trans. used as `stab'. PIE "bhodh-ye" (for expected "bhedhye"), root "bhedh" `stab'. Pokorny 113. EM "fodio". Sihler 121, 536. Watkins "bhedh-". Räsänen 243a. Jokl derives "ndynj" `I am dirty' from PIE "dhūgnyō", with prefix "n(ə)-". Janson 86. Not in Mann, Huld. From "dirt", earlier "drit". Absence in OE suggests loan from ON "drit" `excrement', verb "drītan", PG "drītanan", PIE "dhreid", ext. of root "dher". Barnhart. Pokorny 56. Borrowed from Frankish "salo", PG "salwa", PIE "sal" `dirty grey'. Dauzat. BW. Watkins "sal-2". Verb "smutzen" `stain', PIE root "meu" `moist'. Kluge "Schmutz". Pokorny "(1)meu". Walde 251*. `Dirt, earth; dirty'. PEP "lepo". PE. "Sordes" `dirt', PIE "sword". EM "sordes". Pokorny 1052. Walde 535*. Watkins "swordo-". Loan from Persian "pīs". Räsänen 385b. Steingass "pys". Loan from LAT. Mann 98. Huld 107. Found once in OE ("docga"), but no further etymology known. Apparently native. OED. Barngart. Fem. is /ʃjɛn/. LAT. Dauzat. OHG "hunt", PG "hundaz", PIE "k̑wn̥tos", extension of PIE "k̑won". Kluge "Hund". Pokorny 633. Walde 466. Watkins "kwon". PPN "kulii", Tuamotu "kurio". PE. PIE root "k̑won", vowel unclear (as if from *"k̑an-i"); perhaps crossed with "cano" `sing'. EM "canes". Pokorny 633. Walde 351, 466. Watkins "kwon". Räsänen 291b. PAlb "pi", PIE zero-grade "piH₃", root "poH₃i". Pokorny 840. Mann 170. Huld 103. Walde 71*. Watkins "pō(i)-". OED "drincan", PG "drinkan". Possibly from PIE "dhreg̑" `pull'. Barnhart. Walde 874. Skeat. Pokorny 273, 1089. Kluge "trinken". Watkins "dhreg-". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "trincan", PG "drinkan", see ENG. Passive stem is "inuh-". PPN "inu", POc, PMP "inum". PE. EP, p. 84. Blust. Assim. form of *"pibo", redupl. PIE stem "pi-pH₃-", root "poH₃(i)". Sihler 496. Pokorny 840. EM "bibo". Walde 71*. Watkins "pō(i)-". Räsänen 168b. PAlb. "θatë", adj. suffix "-të" to "θa" ("thaj" `I dry'), prob. PIE "sausni", root "saus" `dry'. Mann 75. Pokorny 881. Huld 117. Walde 447*. OE "drȳge", PG "drūgiz". Possibly PIE "dhreugh" `tremble', root "dher" `hold'. Pokorny 255, 275. Skeat. Walde 860. OED. Barnhart. Kluge "trocken". Watkins "[dreug-]". LAT. BW. Dauzat. OHG "truckan", PG "drūgiz", see ENG. Kluge "trocken". "Ma-" could be stative prefix here. Cf PMP "ma-Raŋaw". PE. Blust. Perhaps a PIE root "seikʷ" `pour out'. Another school of thought derives from "sitis" `drought', as *"sitikos". Pokorny 893, 889. EM "siccus". Sihler 200. Walde 506. Watkins "seikʷ". Cf. "kurak" `dry'. Räsänen 302a. "Pa" `without, not' from PIE "apo"; "mprehtë" `sharp', qv. Huld 156. Mann. Pokorny 54. Difficult vowel, perhaps a borrowing from another Low German language. PG root "dwel" `be foolish', PIE "dhwel", root "dheu" `fly about'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 261. Watkins "dheu-1". Noun "mousse", Pop. Lat. *"muttius", root "mutt". Dauzat. BW. OHG "stumpf", PIE root "step". Pokorny 1012. Kluge "stumpf". PE. "Kū-" may be a stative prefix. EM "hebeo". Walde 349. `Blind, dim, blunt'; loan from Persian "kūr" `blind'. Räsänen 292a. Steingass "kvr". Mann derives from PIE "pleus" `pluck', as Lat. "plūma" (see Fre. `feather'). No better guesses. Mann 50. Pokorny 838. Not in Janson, Huld. OE "dūst", PG "dunstaz", PIE "dhwens", from "dhwes", root "dheu" `fly about'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 268. Watkins "dheu-1". Extension of "pous", from Pop. Lat. "pulvus", Class. LAT "pulvis", PIE root "pel-" `dust, flour'. May be same "pel" as in "pousser" `push': PIE "pel". Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 801. Watkins "pel-1". OHG "stoub". Kluge "Staub". Absence of /ʔ/ in derivatives shows that /ehu/ is the more basic form. PPN "efu". POc, PMP is "qapuk" PE. Blust. "-w-" ext. of "pel" `dust'. Pokorny 802. EM "puluis". Walde 60*. Watkins "pel-1". Same root as "toprak" `earth'. Räsänen 492a. PAlb "veš", earlier "ɑs", PIE "oH₃us" `hear'. Mann 28, 81. Huld 127. Walde 18. Watkins "ous-". OED "ēare", PG "auzan", PIE root "oH₃us". Barnhart. Pokorny 785. OED. Skeat. Watkins "ous-". LAT. "auricula", from "auris". Dauzat. BW. OHG "ōra", PG "auzan", see ENG. Kluge "Ohr". Replaced POc "taliŋa". Blust. Earlier dual *"ausi", root "ōus". Possibly related to "audio" `hear'. Pokorny 785. EM "auris". Walde 18. Watkins "ous-". Räsänen 298b. PAlb "ðee", earlier "ðeCo". Usu. referred to PIE "deg̑hom" `earth', but Huld prefers "dheig̑h" `daub with mud'. Mann 84. Huld 57. Walde 662. Pokorny. OE "eorþe", PG "erþō", PIE root "er" `earth'. Pokorny 332. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "er-2". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "erda", PG "erþō", PIE root "er" `earth'. Pokorny 332. Kluge "Erde". OED. Barnhart. Watkins "er-2". PE. PEP "lepo". From *"tersā", PIE root "ters" `dry'. EM "terra". Pokorny 1078. Sihler 504. Walde 738. Watkins "ters-". Same root as "toz" `dust'. Räsänen 492a. PAlb "haa", earlier "haC". There are many guesses (Skt. "khādati", "ghas-", Lat. "avere"), but probably not "ed-". Kacori 242. Mann 169. Huld 72. Walde 119. OE "etan", PG "etan", PIE "H₁ed". Skeat. Pokorny 287. OED. Watkins "ed-". Lat. "manducare", from "mandere" `chew', PIE root "mendh". Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 732. Watkins "mendh-1". OHG "ezzan", PG "etan", PIE "H₁ed". Kluge "essen". Pokorny 287. Watkins "ed-". Possibly a transitive "-i". PPN "kai", POc "kani", PCEMP "kan", PMP "kaen". Blust. PIE "H₁ed" `eat'. EM "edo". Pokorny 287. Sihler 148. Walde 118. Watkins "ed-". Räsänen 194a. Generally "ve". PAlb. "voe, vee", from "veo", from "o(y)om", PIE perhaps "H₃oH₂wyom". Details are unclear, but probably same ult. root as Lat., Eng., Ger. Huld 125. Mann 29. Borrowed from ON "egg", PG "ajjam", PIE "oH₂wyom", see LAT. Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Watkins "awi-". Pop. Lat. "ŏvum", Class. LAT "ōvom". Dauzat. BW. OHG "ei", PG "ajjam", see ENG. Also means `fruit'. PPN "fua". Replaces POc "qatoluR". Blust. PE. PIE "oH₂wyom", based on "H₂awi-" `bird'. Pokorny 784. EM "auis". Sihler 44. Walde 21. Räsänen 211a. Not clear, but most try some sort of derivation from PIE "H₃okʷ". Mann 97. Huld 11. Walde 170. Pokorny 776. OE "ēage", PG "augōn", from PIE "H₃okʷ" `see', possibly influenced by Germanic "auzan" `ear'. Pokorny 776. OED. Watkins "okʷ-". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "ouga", PG "augōn", see ENG. Kluge "Auge". PPN, PMP "mata". Blust. PIE "okʷ-olos", root "H₃okw-" `eye'. Pokorny 776. EM "oculus". Sihler 42. Walde 170. Watkins "okʷ-". Räsänen 295a. `Hit, fall', to be distinguished from `bring'. PAlb "bie", PIE "bher-" `bore, strike'. Pokorny 134. Mann 171. Huld 43. OED "feallan", PG "fallan", PIE "polno", root "pol". Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 851. Watkins "p(h)ol-". Earlier `fall backwards', OF "tumer" `dance, tumble', borrowed from Frankish *"tūmon". BW. Dauzat. Barnhart "tumble". OHG "fallan", PG "fallan", see ENG. Kluge "fallen". PPN "singa". PE. PIE "k̑ad" `fall'. Pokorny 516. EM "cado". Walde 339. Watkins "kad-". Räsänen 507b. From Late Latin "large". "Largus" `generous' has no clear etym.; Pokorny connects with "lardum" to a root "lai" `fat'. Mann, p. 199. Pokorny 652. EM. OE "feor(r)", PG "fer(e)ra", comparative of PIE "per". Pokorny 810. OED. Skeat. Barnhart. Watkins "per-1". Lat. "longe". PIE "del". Dauzat. BW. OHG "ferrana", orig. `from afar', from "ferro", PG "fer(e)ra", see ENG. Kluge "fern". PPN "mama`o". Stative or reduplicative "ma-"? PE. First element is PIE "pro" `forwards', root "per". Second element is obscure; cf. "simul". Pokorny 815. EM "procul". Walde 517. Watkins "per-1". For root, cf. "uzun", `long'. Räsänen 518a. Also "baba". Boretzky derives from TUR. Boretzky 19. OE "fæder", PG "fader", PIE "pə₂tḗr", see LAT. The root is probably a nursery word. Skeat. OED. LAT. BW. OHG "fater", PG "fader", see ENG. Kluge "Vater". "Makua" means any relative of the parents' generation. Replaces POc "tama". PPN "matuʔa". Marck. Blust. PIE "pə₂tḗr". Suffix "H₂ter" `kinsman' on nursery word "pa". Pokorny 829. EM "pater". Sihler 99, 118. Walde 4*. Watkins "pəter-". Nursery word. Räsänen 53a. Not in any of the etym. dictionaries. LAT loan? OE "feðer", PG "feðrō", PIE "petrā", root "pet" `fly'. OED. Pokorny 826. Watkins "pet-". Lat. "pluma" `down feathers', PIE "plusma-", root "pleus" `pluck'. Pokorny 838. Dauzat. BW. Watkins "pleus-". OHG "fedara", PG "feðrō", PIE "petrā", see ENG. Kluge "Feder". PPN "fulu", POc "pulu", PMP "bulu". Earlier "pesna", *"petsnaH₂", PIE root "pet" `fly, fall'. Pokorny 826. EM "penna". Sihler 209. Walde 21*. Watkins "pet-". Räsänen 503a. From Lat. "pauci", PIE "pau". Mann 200. Watkins "pau-". OE "fēawe", PG "fawaz", PIE "pau" `small', like LAT "pauci". Pokorny 843. OED. Skeat. Pop. Lat. "paucum", sing. of "pauci", see LAT. BW. OHG "wēnag", PG "wainōn" `cry', PG interjection "wai" `woe!'. Kluge "wenig". Pokorny 1111. Possibly this is derived from `a single row'. Kernel idea would be "kahi" `one', q.v. PIE "pau" `small'. Pokorny 853. EM "pau-". Walde 75*. Räsänen 32b. From Low Lat. "lucta", from "luctor", perhaps PIE "lugto-", root "leug-" `bend'. Pokorny 685. Mann 67. EM "luctor". Watkins "leug-1". OE "feohtan", PG "fehtan", usually referred to PIE "pek̑" `pluck (hair)'. Pokorny 828, 797. OED. Barnhart. Skeat. Watkins "pek-2". "Se battre". Pop. Lat. "battere", from "battuere", of unknown origin, perhaps a loan from Celtic or Germanic. Dauzat. EM "battuo". Watkins "[battuere]". From OHG "kampf", loan from Lat. "campus" `field'. Perhaps PIE "kamp" `bend', hence `corner'. Kluge "Kampf". EM "campus". Pokorny 525. Watkins "kamp-". Derivative of "kā" `hit, strike, murder' (PPN "taa"). PE. "Pugnus" `fist', PIE "pug̑-no-", root "p(e)ug̑" `prick, box'. Could this be an ext. of a natural expressive sound, "pu", like Eng. "pow!"? Pokorny 828. EM "pugnus", "pungo". Sihler 512. Walde 15*. Watkins "peuk-". Also "döğ-". Reciprocal voice of "dövmek" `beat'. Räsänen 492a. PAlb "zjar̃" alt. with "zjarm", PIE "gʷhermo-" `warm', root "gʷher" `hot, burn'. Mann 14, 35, 53. Huld 135. Walde 687. Pokorny 494. OED "fȳr", PWG "fūri", PIE "puH₂r", root "paH₂w" ("r/n" stem) possibly based on an onomatopoetic "pu" `blow'. Pokorny 828. OED. Kluge "Feuer". Watkins "pūr-". Sihler 299. Lat. "focus" `fireplace', PIE "bhok", an unusual root shape. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 162. EM "focus". OHG "fiur", PWG "fūri", see ENG. Pokorny 828. Kluge "Feuer". Watkins "pūr-". Sihler 299. PPN "afi", POc "api", PMP "hapuy". PE. Blust. PIE "egnis". Pokorny 293. EM "ignis". Walde 323. Watkins "egni-". Loan from Persian "ātaš". Räsänen 31b. Steingass 13a. Most believe this to be a borrowing from Lat. "piscis". Mann 56. Huld 103. OE "fisc", PG "fiskaz", PIE "piskos", root "peisk". Pokorny 796. OED. Skeat. Watkins "peisk-". Extension of "pois" from LAT "piscis". BW. Dauzat. OHG "fisc", PG "fiskaz", see ENG. Pokorny 796. OED. Kluge. PPN "ika", POc "ikan", PMP "hikan". PE. Blust. PIE root "peisk", though the "k" may be an extension. Pokorny 796. EM "piscis". Walde 11*. Kluge "Fisch". Räsänen 61b. PIE "penkʷe", possibly crossed with "pn̥kʷti-". Huld 102. Pokorny 808. Mann 32. Walde 25*. OED "fīf", PG "fimf(e)", pre-Germanic "pempe", assim. from PIE "penkʷe". OED. Pokorny 808. Pop. Lat. "cīnque", dissim. from Class. LAT "quīnque". OHG "fimf", PG "fimf(e)", see ENG. Pokorny 808. Kluge "fünf". Same word as `hand'. Seems safest to assume that it's no coincidence: five fingers. PE. Proto-Italic "kʷenkʷe" (the /iː/ from "quīntus" `fifth'), Italo-Celtic assim. from PIE "penkʷe". Pokorny 808. EM "quinque". Sihler 413. Walde 25*. Räsänen 71b. PAlb "r̃eð", earlier "Crɛð", PIE prob. "enreg̑h-", root "reg̑h". Huld 110. Mann 143. Walde 365*. Pokorny 857. OE "flōwan", PG "flō-", PIE "plō", root "pleu", root "pel(H)" which either has several meanings or several homonyms. Pokorny ties directly to Lat. "pluvia" `rain', Eng and Ger `fly' and Ger. "Vogel" `bird', and slightly less certainly to the word meaning `fill'. OED. Pokorny 835, 799. Barnhart. Watkins "pleu-". Lat. "cōlare" `sift', from "cōlum" `sieve', perhaps PIE *kogh-, possibly a variant of PIE "kagh" `wicker'. BW. EM "colum". Pokorny 518. Watkins "kagh-". OHG "fliozan", PG "fleutan", see ENG. Kluge "fließen". Pokorny 835, 799. Barnhart. PPN "tafe". Source of "flumen" `river', Fre. "fleuve" `river'. Because there is a PIE root for `flow' ("sreu") that would give Lat. *"fruit", some see a crossing with some such word as "pluit" `rain', so I delete the /l/ from root. Or it could be a direct outcome of a "bhleugʷ" `inflate', root "bhleu-". Pokorny 159, 121. EM "fluo". Sihler 214. Walde 214*. Watkins "bhleu-". Räsänen 12b. Almost certainly a borrowing, perhaps Lat. "lilium". Mann 73. Huld 88. Borrowed from OF "flour", see FRE. Skeat. OED. LAT "flōrem", acc. of "flōs". OHG "bluoma", PG "blōmōn", from "blōan" `bloom', PIE "bhel", see LAT. Sihler 529. Walde 179*. EM. Kluge "Blume". Pokorny 121. Watkins "bhel-3". PPN "pua", POc "puŋa", PMP "buŋa". PE. Blust. PIE "bhlōs", root "bhel" `bloom'. Possibly connected to "bhel" `inflate, blow', which may be connected to Lat. "fluo" `flow'. Pokorny 122. EM "flos". Sihler 310. Walde 177*. Räsänen 162a. Çabej considers this a spontaneous, nonarbitrary creation (cf. unrelated "fly, flutter, flit" in Eng.). Çabej 196. OE "flēogan", PG "fleugan", PIE "pleuk-", root "pleu-" `flow', possibly from root "pel(H)" `fill, pour'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 835. Watkins "pleu-". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "fliogan", PG "fleugan", see ENG. Pokorny 835. Kluge "fliegen". Watkins "pleu-". PPN "lele". Replaces POc "Ropok". Blust. PIE "gʷel". Tucker. EM "uolo". Watkins "gʷel-". Räsänen 509a. Also exists in by-forms "mjergull", "njegull". Closest to PIE "merHgʷ" `dark', from root "merH" `flicker'; probably crossed with orig. "H₃mighlaH₂" `cloud'. Pokorny 734, 712. Huld 93. Mann 50. Walde 275*. Likely borrowed from some Scandinavian source (cf. Danish "fog" `shower'). OED. Barnhart. From "brouillas", from "brou", OHG "brod", PG "bruþan", from "breu-", PIE "bhreu", root "bher" `boil'. Duazat. BW. Barnhart. Pokorny 145. OHG "nebul", PG "nebulaz", PIE root "nebh". Pokorny 315. EM "nebula". Sihler 147. Walde 131. Kluge "Nebel". Watkins "nebh-". PNP "kofu", POc "kaput", PMP "kabut". PE. Blust. PIE "nebh-elā", root "nebh". EM suggest the possibility of an irregular connection with "nubes" `cloud'. Pokorny 315. EM "nebula". Sihler 147. Walde 131. Watkins "nebh-". Räsänen 423b. Apparently from VLat "camba", "gamba" `leg', from Greek "kampḗ", PIE root "kamp" `bend'. Mann 59. Huld 80. Pokorny 525. EM "gamba". Watkins "kamp-". OE "fōt", PG "fōtum", PIE "pōd", root "ped". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 790. Watkins "ped-1". Lat. "pedem", acc. of "pes". For French final, consider "pied-à-terre". Dauzat. BW. Watkins "ped-1". OHG "fuoz", PG "fōtum", see ENG. Pokorny 790. Kluge "Fuß". Watkins "ped-1". PCP "wae(wae)", PPN "wa`e", POc "waqe", PCEMP "waqay", PMP "qaqay". PE. Blust. PIE "ped". Pokorny 790. EM "pes". Sihler 117. Walde 23*. Watkins "ped-1". Räsänen 5a. Possibly borrowed from Latin, but no other numeral is; perhaps a PIE form "kʷtwor". Huld 79. Mann 27. OE "fēower", PWG "fewar", PG "fedwōr", PIE "kʷetwor". OED, Pokorny 643. Skeat. Watkins "kʷetwer-". Kluge "vier". Pop. Lat. "quattor", Class. LAT "quattuor". BW. OHG "fior", PWG "fewar", see ENG. PPN "faa", POc "pat", PMP "epat". Blust. PIE "kʷetwor". Pokorny 643. EM "quattuor". Sihler 411. Walde 512. Watkins "kʷetwer-". Räsänen 495a. Prefix "en-". Mann makes base "krūs", as in Greek "cryos", PIE root "kreus", perhaps from "kreu" `thick blood'. Mann 185. Pokorny 621. Watkins "kreus-". OE "frēosan", PG "freusan", PIE "preus". OED. Skeat. Pokorny 846. Watkins "preus-". LAT. BW. OHG "friosan", PG "freusan", see ENG. Kluge "frieren". I.e., `make solid into the ice'. "Pa`a" means `firm, solid, frozen'. PE. PIE "gel" `cold, freeze'. Pokorny 365. EM "gelu". Walde 622. Watkins "gel-3". Räsänen 488. Probably loan from Lat. "pomum". Janson 24. Not in Mann or Huld. Borrowed from OF "fruit", see FRE. OED. Skeat. Watkins "bhrūg-". Lat. "frūctus", earlier `produce', PIE "bhrūg"; the root is possibly "bhreu" `cut'. BW. Skeat. Pokorny 173. OHG "fruht", borrowed from Lat. "frūctus", see FRE. Pokorny 173. Kluge "Frucht". PE: `Fruit, tuber, egg, seed'. PPN "fua", POc "puaq", PMP "buaq". Blust. Tucker suggests a connection with "poH₃" `drink', the root of "bibo". EM "pomus". Loan from Persian "maiva". Räsänen 332b. Steingass 1365a. Adj. suffix "-të", root from PIE "pleH₁" `pour, fill'. Mann 9. Huld 105. Pokorny 799. Walde 64*. OE "full", PG "fullaz", PIE "pl̥H₁nos". Root "pelH₁", possibly connected to "flow", q.v. Skeat. OED. Watkins "pelə-1". LAT. BW. Dauzat. OHG "fol", PG "fullaz", see ENG. Kluge "voll". PE. PIE root "pleH₁" `fill, pour', perhaps from "pel" `flow'. Pokorny 799. EM "plē". Sihler 126. Walde 64*. Räsänen 486a. PAlb "jap", earlier "ɛp", PIE "H₁ep" `give'. Kacori 242. Mann 164, 171. Huld 77. OE "giefan" under the influence of ON forms in /g-/, PG "geban", PIE "ghebh". The root vowel in Germanic may be influenced by "neman" `take'. Skeat. Pokorny 407. Barnhart. OED. Watkins "ghabh-". LAT "dōnāre" `give a gift', from "dōnum" `gift', from "dō-no-", PIE root "doH₃". Dauzat. BW. EM "do". Watkins "dō-". OHG "geban", PG "geban", see ENG. Kluge "geben". "Hā-" is often causative; "-i" is often transitive. PIE "dH₃-", root "doH₃". EM "do". Pokorny 224. Sihler 544. Walde 815. Watkins "dō-". Räsänen 70b. Major theories are: a denominative formation from PIE "stoighos" `path' (root "steigh-" `walk'); or a borrowing from Germanic, e.g., Gothic "skēwjan" `walk'. Pokorny 1017. Mann 146. Huld 114. OE "gān", PIE "g̑heH₁" `leave'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 418. Barnhart. Watkins "ghē-". Lat. "vadere", PIE "waH₃" with "de/o" present. Dauzat. BW. EM "uado". Pokorny 1109. OHG "gēn", PG "gǣ-", PIE "g̑heH₁" `leave'. Pokorny 418. Kluge "gehen". Watkins "ghē-". PCP "sele", PPN "sa`ele". PE. PIE root *"ey-", which is perhaps evident in the alternation "eo" (*"eyo"), "īs" (*"eis"). Pokorny 295. EM "eo". Sihler 456. Walde 102. Räsänen 213b. Possibly PIE "meiH" like Lat. "mītis" `mild' and Russian "mir" `peace', but most often considered a loan from Lat. "mīrus" `wonderful' (PIE "(s)mei-"). Mann 109. Huld 92. Walde 244*. Pokorny 712, 967. EM "mirus". Sihler 214. Watkins "smei-". OE "gōd", PG "gōdaz", PIE "ghōdh-", root "ghedh" `unite'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 423. Watkins "ghedh-". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "guot", PG "gōdaz", see ENG. Kluge "gut". PPN "ma`itaki". "ma-" can be a stative prefix. OLat. "duenos", PIE "dw-enos", root "deu" `revere'. Pokorny 218. EM "bonus". Sihler 41. Walde 778. Watkins "deu-2". Räsänen 36a. PIE root "bhar-" or "bhor-". There's a slight chance there is some connection with "bher" `carry'. Pokorny 130. Huld 150. Mann 91. Janson 27. Walde 134*. OE "græs", PG "grasam", PIE "ghrəso-", root "ghrē" `grow'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 454. Watkins "ghrē". Lat. "herba" `grass'. Possibly a PIE "gherdhā", root "ghrē" `grow'. BW. EM "herba". Pokorny 454. OHG "grās", PG "grasam", see ENG. Kluge "Gras". PEP "mauku", PPN "mohuku". PE. *"Grasmen", from PIE "gras" `graze'. Possibly a desiderative of "gʷerH₁" `swallow'. Pokorny 404, 474. EM "gramen". Sihler 153. Walde 645. Watkins "gras-". Suspiciously close to Arm. /xot/. Old Turkic borrowing? Dankoff, p. 160. Räsänen 366b. Possibly a borrowing from some form of Greek "dēmós", possibly from PIE "dā" `flow'. Mann 55, 97. Huld 59. Pokorny 175. Loan from OF "graisse", see FRE. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 584. Lat. *"crassia" from "crassus" `fat', earlier `thick', possibly from PIE "kert" `turn', extension of "(s)ker" `turn'. Skeat. Pokorny 584. Dauzat. 14th c. loan from Low German. PIE root "pei" `be fat'. Kluge "fett". Watkins "peiə-". A loan from Eng. "oil", OFre "oile", Lat. "oleum", Aegean *"elaywā" `olive'. PE. Watkins "[elaia]". Sihler 41. EM "adeps". Suspiciously close to Arm. dial. /yeɣ/. Old Turkic borrowing? Dankoff, p. 160. Räsänen 177b. Loan from Lat. "galbinus" `pale green' (`yellow' in the Romance languages), from "galbus". That itself appears late, may be a loanword, in which case it may be from PIE "g̑hel-" `yellow, green'. Pokorny 429. EM "galbus". Huld 84. OE "grēne", PG "grōnjaz", root "ghreH" `grow'. Skeat. Pokorny 454. OED. Watkins "ghrē". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "gruoni", PG "grōnjaz", see ENG. Kluge "grün". "`Ō-" is a prefix meaning `like'. Base "ma`o" is also used to mean `green'. PE. Adj. in "-id-" from "vireo" `be green', possibly PIE "weis" `sprout'. Pokorny 1133. EM "uireo". Walde 242. Watkins "[virēre]". Cf. "yaş" `fresh'. Räsänen 192a. PIE "gʷerH₁naH₂", root "gʷerH₁" `swallow'. Janson 34. Mann 14. Huld 147. Pokorny 474. Watkins "gʷerə-4". OE "guttas", PIE "g̑hudnu-", root "g̑heu" `pour'. Pokorny 447. Skeat. OED. Watkins "gheu-". Loan from LAT "intestina", q.v. BW. Dauzat. OHG "darm", PG "þarmaz", PIE "torHma-", root "terH" `turn'. Kluge "Darm". Watkins "terə-1". PPN "ngaakau". From "intus", PIE "entos", from "en". EM "in". Pokorny 313. Sihler 246. Walde 127. Watkins "en". From "bar" ("bağır") `belly'. Räsänen 55b. of head Loan from Lat. "floccus" `flock of wool', itself with no certain etymology; Pokorny has as earlier "flōcos", from a PIE "bhlō̆k-". Huld 88. EM "floccus". Pokorny 161. Crossing of OF "haire" `hair-cloth' (ult. from PG "hǣram") with OE "hǣr", same PG source ("hǣram"); possibly a PIE "k̑er" `bristle'. LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "hār", PG "hǣram", see ENG. PCP "lauoso" or "lauofo". "Lau" `leaf' (q.v.) + "oho" `head'. PE. Looks very much like it has a relationship to "caput" `head', but no satisfactory explanation of exactly how. EM "capillus". Pokorny 530. Tucker 45. Walde 347. Räsänen 391b. Probably something like PIE "g̑hēsr", similar to Greek "kheir". Pokorny 203, 447. Mann 86, 99. Huld 54. Walde 603. OE "hand", PG "handuz". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. LAT. Also in "maintenant" `now'. For root vowel consider "manier", "manette". Dauzat. BW. OHG "hant", PG "handuz". Kluge "Hand". PMP "lima". PE. Blust. PIE "r/n" stem "mH". EM "manus". Pokorny 740. Walde 272*. Watkins "man-2". Räsänen 39a. Also "ay". "A-" `that' + PIE "so" `that'. The "a-" for designating remote objects is unexplained; possibly expressive? Huld 37. Pokorny 979. PG demonstrative stem "hi-", PIE "k̑i-", variant of "k̑o" `this'. Pokorny 609. Barnhart. OED. Watkins "ko-". Pop. Lat. *"illī" (influenced by "quī"?), Class. Lat. "ille", from PIE root "al" `beyond', but vocalism influenced by "is". BW. Pokorny 24. Watkins "al-1". OHG "er", PG "eiz", PIE "eis", pronominal root "e" (Lat, "ei" `they'). Pokorny 281. Kluge "er". PPN "ia", PMP "si-ia". PE. Blust. PIE pronominal root "i" (alternating with the root "e"). Pokorny 281. EM "is". Sihler 391, 405. Walde 97. Watkins "i-", "oi-no-". Demonstrative morpheme. Räsänen 356a. Not in Huld, Janson, Pokorny, Walde. Çabej lists a "kokë" as a dialectal form of "kokërr" `grain, anything small and round'. OE "hēafod", PG "haubud-", PIE "kapot", root "kap". Pokorny 530. Skeat. OED. Watkins "kaput". Lat. "testa", orig. `clay pot', PIE root "tek̑s" `weave'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 396, 1058. Watkins "teks-". OHG "kopf" `cup', loan from Lat. "cuppa", ext. of zero grade of PIE "keu" `bend'. EM "cuppa". Pokorny 396, 591. Watkins "keu-2". PEP "`upoko". PE. PIE "kap-ot" `head', root "kap". Pokorny 529. EM "caput". Walde 346. Watkins "kaput". Räsänen 64b. Drizari. Angl. OE "hēran", Proto-Northwest Germanic "haurjan", PG "hauzjan", PIE "H₂kous-", root "H₂keu" `perceive'. Pokorny 587. Skeat. OED. Watkins "keu-1". Earlier `understand', from "in-" + Lat. "tendere" `extend', extension of PIE "ten" `stretch'. BW. Dauzat. Pokorny 1066. Watkins "ten-". OHG "hōren", Proto-Northwest Germanic "haurjan", see ENG. Kluge "hören". PE. PIE "awizdh-", root "aw" `perceive'. Pokorny 78. EM "audio". Walde 17. Watkins "au-5". Räsänen 51a. One guess is PIE "gʷhenmer", root "gʷhen" `swell'. Pokorny 491. Huld 132. Walde 679. OE "heorte", PG "hertōn", PIE "kerd-en-", root "k̑erd". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 579. Watkins "kerd-1". Pop. Lat. "cor-", Class. LAT "cord-". Dauzat. BW. OHG "herza", PG "hertōn", see ENG. "Pu`u" `internal organ' + "wai" `blood'. PIE "k̑r̥d", root "k̑erd". EM "cor". Pokorny 579. Sihler 94. Walde 423. Watkins "kerd-1". From "yür" `be in motion'. Räsänen 213b. PAlb "randë", where the "ndë" may be a pres. participle. But the root is obscure. Janson 33. Huld 108. Not in Mann, Pokorny. Related to "heave". OE "hefig", PG "habīgaz", PIE root "kap" `grasp'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 527. Watkins "kap-". Pop. Lat. "lŭrdus", Class. "lūridus" `jaundiced'; cf. "luror". BW. Dauzat. EM "luror". OHG "swāri", PG "swǣraz", PIE root "swer". Pokorny 1150. Kluge "schwer". Watkins "swer-5". PCP "taumafa", PPN "mamafa", POc "mapat", PCEMP "ma-bəRat", PMP "ma-beReqat". Blust. PIE root "gʷerH₂". EM "grauis". Pokorny 476. Sihler 95. Walde 685. Räsänen 8a. Demonstrative particle of nearness "kə" plus "tu", as in Sanskrit. The former most likely the PIE "kʷ-" interrogative/indefinite root. Mann 114, 203. Huld 80. Pokorny 644. Walde 369. Same demonstrative base as "he". OE "hēr", PG "hēr", r-locative to PIE "k̑i-", variant of "k̑o" `this'. Pokorny 609. Skeat. OED. Watkins "ko-". "I-" may be from "īlicō" `on the spot', from "in + loco"; "-ci" is a proximate suffix, from "ecce" `behold' ("-ce" a proximate particle in "hic", etc.) + "hīc" `here' (see LAT). Dauzat. BW. EM "ilico". OHG "hia(r)", PG "hēr", see ENG. Kluge. PNP "nei", PPN "ni". PE. PIE "gheyk̑e", root "gh". Pokorny 417. EM "hic". Sihler 260. Locative of "bura" `this place', from stem "bu" `this'. Räsänen 85a. Note "qëllim" `aim'. Not in Huld, Janson, Mann. Late OE "hyttan", apparently from ON "hitta" `hit upon', PG "hitjan", PIE root "keid" `fall'. Barnhart. Pokorny 542. Skeat. OED. Dauzat says it is a borrowing from Frankish, BW considers it onomatopoeia. Dauzat. BW. OHG "slahan", PG "slahan", PIE "slak". Pokorny 959. Kluge "schlagen". Watkins "slak-". PPN "tuki". Possibly transitive "-i". PE. PIE "bher" `apply a sharp tool to'. Pokorny 134. Walde 160*. Räsänen 515a. Prefix "en-", but root very obscure. Several subscribe to a derivation from "bher" `carry', with iterative "ey" suffix. Pokorny 130. Janson 165. Huld 90. Mann 170. Walde 154*. Angl. OE "haldan", PG "haldan", perhaps PIE root "kel" `drive'. Pokorny 548. Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Watkins "kel-3". Pop. Lat. "tenīre", Class. LAT "tenēre". BW. OHG "haltan", PG "haldan", see ENG. Pokorny 548. "Pa`a" means `firm, solid, frozen'. Passive stem is "pa`ah-". PE. Stative suffix "ē" on PIE root "ten" `stretch'. EM "teneo". Pokorny 1066. Walde 723. Watkins "ten-". Räsänen 502a. Pokorny groups with PIE "bhrentos" `deer'. Pokorny 168. Mann 92. Walde 205*. OE "horn", PG "hurnaz", PIE "kr̥n-", "n"-extension of zero grade of PIE root "k̑er" `top of body'. Pokorny 576. OED. Skeat. Watkins "ker-1". Pop. Lat. "corna", from Class Lat. "cornua", orig. pl. of LAT "cornu". Dauzat. BW. OHG "horn", PG "hurnaz", see ENG. Kluge "Horn". PE. PIE "kr̥n-", see ENG. EM "cornu". Sihler 323. Walde 406. Räsänen 347. "-të" adj. to "nxeh" `I heat'. There are by-forms without the "n-"; root must be "xeh". OE "hāt", PG "haitaz", PIE "kaid-", root "kai" `heat'. Pokorny 519. OED. Skeat. Watkins "kai-". Lat. "caldus", sync. from Class. LAT "calidus". Dauzat. BW. OHG "heiz", PG "haitaz", see ENG. Pokorny 519. Kluge "heiß". PPN "wela". Deverbative in "-id-" from stative "caleo" `be hot', PIE root "k̑elH₁" `warm'. Pokorny 551. EM "caleo". Sihler 629. Walde 430. Watkins "kelə-1". Cf. "sıtma" `ague'. Räsänen 173b. PAlb "neri", earlier "nɛr-in-", PIE "H₂ner". Mann 85. Huld 100. Walde 32*. Pokorny 765. Loan from OF "humain", see FRE. OED. Skeat. Watkins "dhghem-". Borrowed from Lat. "hūmānus", adj. ending on stem of "homo", see LAT. OED. Dauzat. BW. OHG "mennisco", PG "manniskaz" `human', PIE "manus" `man', sometimes associated with root "men" `think'. Watkins "man-1". PPN "tangata", POc, PMP "tau(mataq)". PE. Blust. OLat "hemo", PIE "dg̑hmon" or "dg̑homon-", root "deg̑hom" `earth'. The adj. form is "hūmānus", with unexplained stem vowel (*/oi/). EM "homo". Pokorny 415. Sihler 96, 49. Walde 663. Watkins "dhghem-". Loan from Arabic "ādam". Stachowski, v. 1, p. 13. Wehr 12b. Cf. the noun "gjah", `a hunt'. Huld derives from "yeH₂g̑h" plus "-ni-". Mann 190. Huld 70. Pokorny 492. OE "huntian", PG "huntōjan", deriv. of "hentan" `seize', suggesting a PIE "kend". Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Pop. Lat. *"captiare", Class. "captare" `seek to capture', PIE root "kap" `grasp'. Dauzat. BW. Watkins "kap-". OHG "jagōn", PIE root "yeH₂gh". Pokorny 502. Kluge "jagen". Base "hai" has same meaning. PCP "fai" or "sai". Possibly transitive "-i". PE. PIE "wēnā-", root "wen" `strive'. Pokorny 1147. EM "venor". Walde 230. Watkins "wen-1". Cf. "av" `the hunt'. Räsänen 1a. Same word as `man'. PIE "bhr̥nos" `boy', perhaps PIE "bher" `carry', like `belly'. Mann 45. Huld 46. Pokorny 130, 148. Walde 141, 154. Late OE formation, borrowed or adapted from ON "húsbóndi", where the head is the ON "bóndi" `freeholder', from a Germanic root "bōwan" `dwell', PIE "bhōw-", root "bheuH" `grow'. Pokorny 146. Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Watkins "bheuə-". LAT. BW. OHG "gegate", PWG "gagadōn", PIE root "ghedh" `unite'. Pokorny 423. Kluge. Same word as `man'. PE. "-to-" suffix (`provided with') on PIE "meri", "mari" `young woman'. Pokorny 739. EM "maritus". Walde 281*. Watkins "mari-". `Old man, husband'. Loan from Persian "xoja" `eunuch'. Räsänen 274a. Steingass 482a. The "-në" is an optional extension. The "u" remains unexplained, but could conceivably be related to PIE "eg̑o". Mann 114. Huld 122. OE "ic", PG "ik", PIE "eg̑". Skeat. Pokorny 291. OED. Watkins "eg". Pop. Lat. *"eo", Class. LAT "ego". OHG "ih", PG "ik", see ENG. Pokorny 291. Kluge. Also spelt "wau". PPN "au", POc "aku", PMP "i-aku". PE. Blust. PIE "eg̑oH", extension of "eg̑". EM "ego". Pokorny 291. Sihler 369. Walde 115. Perhaps the /b/ is shared with "bu" `this'. Räsänen 66a, 333b. Huld 37. Pokorny 524. OE "īs", PG "īsa-", PIE "eis", perhaps a root "ei". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 301. Watkins "eis-2". Pop. Lat. "glacia", Class. LAT "glacies". BW. OHG "īs", PG "īsa-", see ENG. Kluge "Eis". PPN "sau", POc "sau" `breeze'. PE. Ross. PIE "gel" `cold, freeze'. Pokorny 365. EM "glacies". Walde 622. Watkins "gel-3". Räsänen 91a. The head word "qoftë" is not in Huld, Janson or Mann. OE "gif", cogn. with Ger. "ob". Possibly PIE pronom. stem "e-"/"i-" with an emphatic "ba" particle. Skeat. Barnhart. Pokorny 284. OED. Watkins "i-". LAT. Variant of "wann" `when', OHG "hwanne", PG "hwan-", PIE root "kʷ". Kluge "wenn". Pokorny 810. Watkins "kʷo-". "I" can be used in the same sense; is it the base? PE. OLat "sei", PIE root "se". EM "si". Pokorny 884. Sihler 395. Loan from Persian "agar". Räsänen 37a. Steingass 90b. Same word as `at'. Source would seem to be PIE "endo", from "en". Mann 207. Huld 97. OE "in", PG "in", PIE "en". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 311. Watkins "en". Lat. "de-intus". "Intus" is from PIE "en". Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 311. OHG "in", PG "in", PIE "en". PPN "loto", POc "ralom", PMP "dalem". PE. OLat "en", PIE "en". EM "in". Pokorny 311. Sihler 439. Walde 126. Watkins "en". Räsänen 121b. Mann suggests a compound of "apo-" and a root like "reut", perhaps `fall'. Mann 165. Possibly a reworking or a zero-grade of OE "cwellan", PIE root "gʷel" `pierce'. Barnhart. Pokorny 471. Skeat. OED. Watkins "gʷel-1". Earlier `extinguish', from Pop. Lat. "tutare", Class. Lat. "tutari" `protect', "tueri", PIE "teu" `turn one's attention to'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 1079. Adj. "tot" `dead', OHG "tot", PG "daudaz", PIE root "dheu" `vanish'. Pokorny 260. Kluge "tot". Watkins "dheu-3". Intensive of "pepehi", which alone means `beat' or `kill'. PNP "pepesi". Reduplicative? "Pehi" alone means `throw (at)' (PNP "peesi"). Possibly transitive "-i". PE. Base is weakened form of "facio" `do, put', PIE "dhə₁kyo", root "dheH₁" `place'. EM "facio". Pokorny 736. Watkins "dhē-1". Causative of "ölmek" `die'. Räsänen 371a. PAlb. "gʎun". This can be related to the other IE langs here if assume a dissimilation of /n/ to /l/. Otherwise, a remote possibility of PIE "gleu", extension of "gel" `ball'. Mann 93. Janson 28. Huld 70. Pokorny 362. OE "cnēo", PG "knewam", PIE "g̑newo-", root "g̑enu" `knee'. Pokorny 381. Skeat. OED. Watkins "genu-1". Backformed from plural "genous", Pop. Lat. "genuclum", Class. "geniculum", from LAT "genu", see LAT. BW. Pokorny 381. Dauzat. OHG "knio", PG "knewam", see ENG. Pokorny 381. Kluge "Knie". PPN "turi". PIE "g̑enu" `knee'. Possibly connected to "g̑enH" `be born'. EM "genu". Pokorny 381. Sihler 67, 320. Walde 586. Watkins "genu-1". Räsänen 482a. Mann suggests PIE "k̑uk-". Not in Janson, Huld, Pokorny. Mann 66. OE "cnīf", PG "knībaz", ext. of PIE "gen" `compress'. Pokorny 370. OED. Barnhart. Skeat. Watkins "gen-". LAT "cultellus", from "culter", see LAT. BW. Dauzat. OHG "mezzisahs", compound of "mezzi" (PWG "matiz" `food') and "sahs" `sword' (PG "sahsam", PIE "sokso-", root "sek" `cut'). The only remnant of "sahs" is its initial, rhotacized in final "-r". Pokorny 895. Kluge "Messer". Watkins "sek-". PCP "pafi" or "pasi". PE. "kel-tro-", PIE root "(s)kel" `cut'. Is there some connection with "(s)ker" `cut'? Some posit a dissimilation. EM "culter". Pokorny 924. Walde 592*. Watkins "skel-1". From "bıç" `cut'. Räsänen 73a. facts PIE "dhiH". Huld 152. Mann 169. OE "cnāwan", PG "knē-", PIE "gnē-", root "gnoH". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 376. Watkins "gnō-". Pop. Lat. *"sapēre", Class. "sapĕre", from `understand', PIE root "sap" or "sep" `taste'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 880. Watkins "sep-1". PG "wait", PIE "woida", root "weid" `see'. Pokorny 1125. Kluge "wissen". Same word as `see', which is original sense (POc `know' is "taqu"). PPN "kite", PMP "kita". Blust. PIE "skei" `cut', extension of "sek" (Lat. "seco" `cut'). EM "scio". Pokorny 919. Walde 542*. Räsänen 75b. Explained as a loan from Lat. *"lacōnis", der. of "lacus" (see LAT); or from Greek "lekánē" or "lekánion" `hollow, basin'. Mann 93. Janson 205. Pokorny 308, 653. Not in Huld, Pokorny. Borrowed from OF "lac", see FRE; perhaps crossed with the native word "lake" `stream'. Skeat. OED. Watkins "laku-". 12th cent. loan from LAT "lacus". OED "lake". BW. OHG "sēo", PG "saiwiz". Same word as "See" `sea', differentiated by gender since 16th c. Possibly PIE "sāi" `pain'. Kluge "See". Pokorny 877. Perhaps this means an `interior' body of water? PPN "loto", replacing POc "rano". PE. Blust. PIE "laku". Pokorny 653. EM "lacus". Walde 380*. Watkins "laku-". Räsänen 288b. Not in Janson, Huld, Mann, Pokorny. Angl. OE "hlæhhan", PG "hlahjan", PIE "klak", probably echoic. Or this could tie in more directly with Lat. "clango" as "kleg", an extension of "kel" `call', itself described as onomatopoetic. OED. Pokorny 599. Watkins "kleg-". Pop. Lat. *"rīdĕre", Class. "rīdēre", see LAT. PIE root possibly "wer" `turn'. BW. OHG "hlahhan", PG "hlahjan", see ENG. Kluge "lachen". PPN "kata". Onomatopoeia? Replaces POc "malip". PE. Blust. Perhaps PIE "wrizd", "-d-" present of s-extension of "wrei", an extension of "wer" `turn'. Pokorny 1158. EM "rideo". Walde 277. Räsänen 307b. PAlb "geθ-", perhaps earlier "gaθi", PIE "gʷozdo-", ext. of "gʷes" `foliage'. Huld 69. Walde 644. Pokorny 480. OED "lēaf", PG "laubaz", PIE "leup", prob. ext of "leu" `cut off'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 690. Watkins "leup". Pop. LAT "folia", reanalysed from plural of Class. "folium", q.v. BW. Dauzat. OHG "blat", PG "bladaz", PIE "bhel" `bloom'. May be related to "bhel" `blow, swell' and "bhel" `flow'. Sihler 529. Walde 179*. EM. Kluge "Blatt". Pokorny 121. Watkins "bhel-3". Is this POc "ndraun", PMP "dahun"? PE. Blust. PIE "bholyom", root "bhel" `bloom'. See GER. Pokorny 122. EM "folium", "flos". Sihler 42. Walde 176*. Räsänen 188a. hand Not in Janson, Mann, Huld. Kentish OE "left", PIE "lupt", root "(s)leup" `hang limply'. Skeat. Barnhart. Pokorny 964. Verb "gauchir", prob. from "guenchir" `detour', from Frankish *"wenkjan", PIE "weng" `bend', perhaps n-infix on a root "weg"; crossed with Frankish "walkan", PIE "wolg", ext. of "welH" `turn'. BW. Dauzat. Pokorny 1148, 1144. OHG "lenca", originally `clumsy', probably PIE "(s)lēg" `limp'. Pokorny 959. Kluge "link". PPN "sema", orig. meaning `awkward'. PE. Blust. Double comparative, base would be "sen" or "sin", perhaps connected to "sen-" `old' as in Provençal "ma sanega". Pokorny 1147. EM "sinister". Sihler 40. Räsänen 426b. stative "Shtrirë" `stretched out', from "shtrij" `I stretch', PAlb "štriñ", PIE "str̥ni-", root "ster" `spread'. Huld 115. Pokorny 1030. Mann 195. Walde 639*. OE "licgan", PG "ligjan", PIE "legyo-", root "legh" `lie'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 658. Watkins "legh-". Root "long" `long', PIE "dloH₃nghos", root "del". BW. Dauzat. OHG "liggen", PG "ligjan", see ENG. Kluge "liegen". Same word as `sleep'. PPN "mohe". PE. "ē"-stative of "iacio" `throw', i.e. `be thrown down', PIE "yak-", root "yeH₁". EM "iaceo". Tucker. Walde 199. Watkins "yē-". Räsänen 192b. OE "lifer", PG "librōn". Apparently not connected to Lat. "iecur", but to PIE "leip" `fat' (i.e., way of cooking liver), perhaps extension of "lei" `slimy'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 670, 504. Watkins "leip-". Cross between "fīcātum" `(cooked) with figs', from "fīcus" `fig', presumably from some native Mediterranean language; and "sécotom", Greek "sykōtón" `(cooked) with figs', from same unknown source. BW. Dauzat. EM "ficus". OHG "lebara", PG "librōn", see ENG. Pokorny 670, 504. Kluge "Leber". PPN "`ate", POc "qate", PCEMP, PMP "qatay". Blust. PIE r/n stem, nom. "yekʷr̥(t)s", root "yekʷ". EM "iecur". Pokorny 504. Sihler 790, 300. Walde 205. Loan from Persian "jigar". Räsänen 126a. Steingass 366b. PAlb. "gʎatë", PIE "dlH₃gh" plus adj. "-të", from root "del" `long'. Huld 68. Mann 38. Walde 813. Pokorny 197. OE "long", PG "langaz", PIE "dloH₃nghos", root "del" `long'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 196. Watkins "del-1". LAT "longus". Dauzat. BW. OHG "lang", PG "langaz", see ENG. Pokorny 196. Kluge "lang". Watkins "del-1". This is the same "loa" as in `die'. PPN "loa". A PIE form like "dloH₃nghos" would tie LAT, ENG and GER together with ALB. Root would be "del". Pokorny 197. EM "longus". Sihler 210. Walde 813. Watkins "del-1". For stem, cf. "uzak" `far'. Räsänen 518a. One guess is "mōrkos" `itcher', from "merH" `rub raw'. Walde 278*, Pokorny 737. OE "lūs", PG "lūs", PIE "lūs". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 692. Watkins "lūs-". Backformed from plural of Pop. LAT *"pēduclus", Class. "pēdiculus". BW. Dauzat. OHG "lūs", PG "lūs", see ENG. Pokorny 692. Kluge "Laus". PPN, PMP "kutu". PE. Blust. Diminutive of "pēdis". Perhaps PIE "pezd". EM "pedis". Pokorny 829. Walde 68*. Räsänen 76b. male Same word as `husband'. PIE "bhr̥nos" `boy', perhaps PIE "bher" `carry', like `belly'. Mann 45. Huld 46. Pokorny 130, 148. Walde 141, 154. OE "mann", PG "mannaz" from "manwaz", PIE "manus" or "monus" `man', possibly from root "men" `think'. Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 700. Watkins "man-1". LAT. "hominem", acc. of "homo" `person'. Dauzat. OHG "man", PG "mannaz", see ENG. Pokorny 700. Kluge "Mann". `Male, husband'. PPN "ta`ane", replacing POc "maRuqane". Do we therefore have "ka-ane", with same initial morpheme as "ka-naka" `person', perhaps even "keiki" `child'? Blust. PE. PIE "wīros", root perhaps "weiH" `vital force'. EM "uir". Pokorny 1128. Sihler 70. Walde 315. Watkins "wī-ro-". Cf. "er" `man'. Räsänen 46a. pl. Loan from Lat. "summa" (*"supma", from PIE "(s)up(er)" `up from below'). Mann 201. Huld 166. Pokorny 1107. EM "sub". Watkins "uper". OE "manig", PG "managaz", PIE "monogho-", root "men(e)gh" `abundant'. Pokorny 730. Skeat. OED. Watkins "menegh-". Root is "coup" `blow', see under `cut'. BW. Dauzat. OE "filu", PIE root "pelH" `pour, fill'. Pokorny 799. Same word as `big'. PIE "ml̥t-", root "mel" `big'. EM "multus". Pokorny 720. Walde 292*. Watkins "mel-4". Possibly loanword from Arm. /jok/ `crowd'. Dankoff, p. 168. Räsänen 113b. PAlb "mis", PIE "memsom". Pokorny 725. Mann 49. Huld 92. OE "mete", PG "matiz", PIE root "mad" `wet'. Pokorny 694. OED. Skeat. Watkins "mad-". Orig. `food', Pop. Lat. *"vīvanda", Class. "vīvenda", verb "vivo" `live', PIE "gʷiHwo-", root "gʷeyH". Dauzat. BW. Watkins "gʷei-". OHG "fleisc", PWG "flaiskjan", perhaps PIE "ploiksk-", root "pleH₁k̑", perhaps extension of "plē" `split off'. Pokorny 835. Kluge "Fleisch". Watkins "plēk-". PPN "kiko". PE. Originally `a slice of meat', n-extension of PIE root "(s)ker-" `cut'. EM "caro". Pokorny 939. Sihler 295. Walde 575*. Watkins "sker-1". Räsänen 52a. PAlb "haNë", PIE "skandnā", root "(s)kand" `shine'. Huld 74. Pokorny 526. Walde 352. OE "mōna", PG "mǣnōn-", PIE base "mēn-", root "meH₁" `measure'. OED. Pokorny 731. Skeat. Watkins "mē-2". LAT. BW. Dauzat. OHG "māno", PG "mǣnōn-", see ENG. Pokorny 731. Kluge "Mond". PPN "maasina". Possibly the base is "hina"; note forms "mahinahina" `pale moonlight' and "hina" `grey'. Cf. POc "pulan". PE. Blust. PIE "louksnaH₂-", root "leuk" `shine'. Pokorny 687. EM "luc-". Sihler 56. Walde 409*. Watkins "leuk-". Räsänen 10a. PAlb "naNë". Nursery origin is obvious. Huld 98. Janson 98. Pokorny 754. OE "mōdor", PG "mōðar-", PIE "maH₂ter"; kinship suffix added to nursery word "ma" `mother, breast'. Watkins "māter-". LAT. BW. OHG "muoter", PG "mōðar-", see ENG. "Makua" `parent' (PPN "matuʔa") + "-hine" `female'. Replaces POc "tina". PE. Marck. Blust. PIE "maH₂ter", see ENG. Pokorny 700, 694. EM "mater". Sihler 50, 293. Walde 229*. Watkins "māter-". Not widespread in Turkic, probably nursery word. Räsänen 19b. PIE "ml̥H₃dho". Pokorny has "molno", from PIE "mel" `emerge'. Mann 35. Huld 89. Walde 95*. Pokorny 721. Borrowed from OF "montaigne", see FRE. OED. Skeat. Watkins "men-2". Pop. Lat. "montānea", Class. "montānus", from "mons", "montis"; see LAT. OED "mountain". Dauzat. BW. OHG "berg", PG "bergaz", PIE root "bherg̑h" `high', perhaps ext. of "bher" `carry'. Watkins "bhergh-2". PPN "ma`unga". PE. PIE "monti-", root "men" `be prominent'. EM "mons". Pokorny 726. Sihler 316. Walde 263*. Watkins "men-2". Räsänen 454a. PAlb "goʎë", loan from Lat. "gula" `throat'; this would be "gel", from "gʷel", possibly connected to "gʷerH₁" in "zorrë" `guts'. Pokorny 365. EM 284. Mann 72. Huld 66. OE "mūþ", PG "munþaz", PIE "mn̥tos", root likely "men" `project'. Pokorny 732. OED. Skeat. Watkins "men-2". Lat. "bucca" `puffed cheek', ext. of PIE root "beu" `inflate'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 100. EM "bucca". Watkins "beu-1". OHG "mund", PG "munþaz", see ENG. Pokorny 732. PCP "wafa", PEP "fafa", POc "papaq", PCEMP "babaq", PMP "baqbaq". I can imagine a symbolic origin of this, because of the labial. PE. Blust. PIE "oH₁s". EM "os". Pokorny 784. Sihler 49. Walde 168. Watkins "ōs-". Räsänen 8b. PAlb "emën", earlier "emon-", PIE "H₁n̥Hmen". Pokorny 321. Mann 89. Janson 23. Huld 61. Walde 132. OE "nama", PG "namōn-", PIE "H₁nHmn̥", root "H₁noH". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 321. Watkins "nō̆-men-". LAT. OHG "namo", PG "namōn-", see ENG. Kluge "Name". PPN "hingoa". PE. PIE "H₁noHmn̥", root "H₁noH". EM "nomen". Pokorny 321. Sihler 85, 297. Walde 132. PAlb "ngustë". Loan from LAT "angustus". Huld 98. OE "nearu", PG "narwaz", perhaps from root "(s)ner" `twist'. Pokorny 975. Skeat. OED. Watkins "(s)ner". Lat. "strictus", part. of "stringo", PIE root "streig", perhaps extension of "ster" `stiff'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 1036, 1022. Watkins "streig-". OHG "engi", PG "anguz", PIE "ang̑hu", root "H₂ang̑h" `constrict'. "Lā`ā" `wide' + "iki" `small'. PIE "H₂ang̑hostos", root "H₂ang̑h". EM "ango". Pokorny 43. Sihler 62. Walde 62. Watkins "angh-". Räsänen 463a. There is much speculation that this is a loan, but nothing very compelling. Huld 36. Mann 196. OE "nǣr" `nearer' (possibly influenced semantically by ON "nǣr" `near'), comp. of "nēah" `near', PG "nǣhwiz", see GER. Pokorny 39. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "[nēhw-iz]". Low Lat. "pressē", see "presser" `squeze'. BW. Dauzat. Watkins "per-5". OHG "nāh", PG "nǣhwiz", perhaps PIE local particle "nē", possibly connected to "an" `at'. Pokorny 39. Kluge "nah(e)". Base is /koke/ `fast'. PE. Assim. form of PIE "prokʷe", base "pro", root "per" `forward'. EM "prope". Pokorny 810. Walde 47*. Watkins "per-1". From "yak" `side'; perhaps connected to "yan" `side'. Räsänen 180a. Most likely a loan from Tur. "kafa". Huld 106. OE "hnecca", PG "hnekkōn-", PIE "knek-", ext. of root "ken" `press together'. Pokorny 558. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "ken-5". LAT "collum". BW. OHG "hals", PG "h(w)alsaz", PIE "kʷolso-", root "kʷel" `turn'. Watkins "kʷel-1". PNP "ka(a)kii". PE. PIE "kʷolso-", root "kʷel" `turn'. EM "collum". Pokorny 639. Walde 434. Watkins "kʷel-1". Räsänen 80a. Huld 108. OE "nīwe", PG "neujaz", PIE "newyo-", base "new", ext. of "nū̆" `now'. Pokorny 769. Skeat. OED. Watkins "newo-". LAT "novellus", from "novus". BW. OHG "niuwi", PG "neujaz", PIE "newyo-", see ENG. Pokorny 769. Kluge "neu". PPN "fo`ou", POc "paqoRu", PMP "baqeRu". PIE "newos", base "new", see ENG. EM "nouus". Pokorny 769, 770. Sihler 174. Walde 324*. Watkins "newo-". From "yan" `side'. Perhaps connected to "yak" `side' ("yakın" `near'). Räsänen 185b. PIE "nokʷt-", root "nekʷ" `get dark'. Huld 96. Walde 338*. Pokorny 762. OE "niht", PG "naht", PIE "nokʷt", root "nekʷ" `get dark'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 762. Watkins "nekʷ-t-". LAT "noctem", acc. of "nox" q.v. BW. OHG "naht", PG "naht", see ENG. Pokorny 762. Kluge "Nacht". PPN "poo". PE. PIE "nokʷt-", root "nekʷ" `get dark'. EM "nox". Pokorny 762. Sihler 113, 282. Walde 338*. Watkins "nekʷ-t-". Orig. locative of "gec" `late'. Räsänen 245b. Pre-PAlb "hun-To". Huld provides a possible etymology from PIE "naH₂s". Mann 55. Huld 76. OE "nosu", PG "nusō", prob. from PIE root "naH₂s". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 755. Lubotsky, p. 60. Watkins "nas-". LAT. BW. OHG "nasa", PG "nasō", PIE root "naH₂s". Kluge "Nase". Pokorny 755. Lubotsky, p. 60. PPN "isu", POc "isuŋ", PCEMP, PMP "ijuŋ". PE. Blust. PIE "naH₂s-". EM "nasus". Pokorny 755. Walde 318*. Räsänen 90a. Mann derives from PIE "nekʷe". Mann 200. Huld 99. Shortened from "nought", OE "nōwiht", from "ne" `not' + "ōwiht" `aught'. "Ne" is a PIE negative. Pokorny 824. Skeat. OED. Watkins "ne". Ringe 1993 has /nə/, but in Modern French, the negative force is in "pas". For pronunciation, cf. "pas à pas". Lat. "passus" `step', from "pat-no-", perhaps from PIE root "petH" `spread'. BW. Pokorny 824. Watkins "petə". OHG "niwiht", from *"ne aiwin wihtes". The negative particle is PIE "ne". Pokorny 824. Kluge "nicht". Base is "`ole" `not', PEP "kole". PE. Earlier "nōenum" from *"ne oinom". Base is PIE "ne". Pokorny 824. EM "non". Sihler 55. Walde 319*. Watkins "ne". Räsänen 469b. Best guess is "ta-" (PIE "to"), dem. part. prefixed to "ni" `now' (PIE "nū"). Mann 199. Pokorny 1086. Not in Huld, Janson. OE "nū", PG "nū", PIE "nu". Skeat. Pokorny 769. From "maintenir", Pop. Lat. *"manūtenīre", from *"manū tenēre" `hold in hand', "ten-ē-" stative extension of PIE root "ten" `stretch'. BW. Dauzat. Watkins "ten-". OHG, PG, IE "nu". The "-n" was added in 13th c. Kluge "nun". Pokorny 769. PE. From "nun-ce", PIE "nu" `now'. Pokorny 770. EM "num". Walde 340*. Cf. "imdi" `now'. Räsänen 41b. PAlb "vjeter", earlier "vɛtr̥-", loan from Lat. "veterem", q.v. Huld 131. Janson 166. Not in Mann, Pokorny. Angl. OE "ald", PWG "aldaz", "-to" suffix on PIE "al" `grow, nourish' . Skeat. OED. Pokorny 26. Watkins "al-3". Pop. LAT "veclus", from "vetlus", from "vetulus", from "vetus", q.v. BW. Dauzat. OHG "alt", PWG "aldaz", see ENG. Pokorny 26. Kluge "alt". PCP "oko". PE. PIE "wet-es-", root "wet" `year'. EM "uetus". Pokorny 1175. Sihler 353. Walde 251. Watkins "wet-2". Arabic "ixtiyār" `choice, old', root "xyr" `choose'. Wehr 309a. PAlb "ñi", "ñë", earlier "ni-", "njo". Huld sees as PIE "smiH₂", root "sem" `one'. Pokorny 902. Huld 101. OE "ān", PG "ainaz", PIE "oinos", root "i". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 281. Watkins "oi-no-". LAT. BW. OHG "ein", PG "ainaz", see ENG. Kluge "ein". Pokorny 281. Watkins "oi-no-". The /ʔe-/ is a counting prefix that is also used for `two', etc. PPN "tasi", PMP "tasa". PE. Blust. OLat, PIE "oinos", base "oi", root "i". Pokorny 281. EM "unus". Tucker. Sihler 405. Walde 101. Watkins "oi-no-". Räsänen 76b. "Të" `the' + "jetër" from PAlb "ɛtVr-", PIE "etro-", comparative of "e" `that'. Mann 109. Huld 177. Pokorny 284. Not in Janson. OE "ōþer", PG "anþaraz", PIE "anteros", root "an" `there' with a comparative suffix "-teros". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 37. Watkins "an-2". LAT "alter", orig. `other of two', replacing "alius" in Low Latin. Same root, PIE "al" `beyond'. OHG "ander", PG "anþaraz", see ENG. Pokorny 37. Kluge "ander". "`Ē" means `different, strange'; PEP "kee", PPN "kese". "A`e" is `up'. PE. PIE "H₂alyos" `other', root "H₂al" `beyond'. EM "alius". Pokorny 25. Sihler 206. Walde 86. Watkins "al-1". Originally dative of "baş" `head'. Räsänen 65a. PIE "stoigho" `path', root "steigh" `step'. Mann 50. Huld 114. Pokorny 1017. Walde 614*. OE "pæþ", PWG "paþa-". Usu. referred to PIE "pent" `path', but since the consonants are not Grimm-shifted (cf. "find", as expected), it is assumed that this is borrowed from an Iranian dialect. But it seems much more likely that it is onomatopoetic for the sound of footsteps (Sommer): cf. "pitter-patter". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 809. Kluge "Pfad". Watkins "pent-". Extension of LAT "semita", perhaps a *"sēmitārius". BW. Dauzat. OHG "pfad", PWG "paþa-", see ENG. Pokorny 809. Kluge "Pfad". PPN "`ara". PE. Possibly related to "meo" `go', "trames" `side street'. EM "semita". May be Old Turkic borrowing from Arm. "uƚi". Dankoff, p. 161. Räsänen 205b. Not in Mann, Huld, Janson, Pokorny. OE "plegean", PWG "plegan". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "[plegan]". Lat. "jocare" (replacing Class. "ludere"), from "jocus" `word play', PIE "yokos", root "yek" `speak'. Pokorny 503. BW. Dauzat. Watkins "yek-". OHG "spilōn", orig. `dance'. Kluge "Spiel". Could this be qualitative/stative "pā-"? PE. From "lūdus" `game', perhaps PIE "loidos", root "leid". Etruscan loans have also been hypothesized. Pokorny 666. EM "ludus". Sihler 203. Walde 402*. Watkins "leid-". Räsänen 359a. Prefix "tër" ("tra-") + "heq" `pull, withdraw'. Root is obscure. Huld suggests a "H₂olgʷey-". Huld 73, 151. Not in Janson, Pokorny. OE "pullian". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Dauzat has it as a loan from Germanic. BW sees it as a backformation from "martirier" `martyr', taken as `unfortunate ("mar") pulling'. Replaced "traire" (from "trahere") in 16th cent. Dauzat. BW. OHG "ziohan", PG "teuhan", PIE root "deuk". Kluge "ziehen". PPN "futi". Possibly transitive "-i". PE. Would reflect a PIE "tragh", a theoretically illegal root shape. Pokorny 1089. EM "traho". Sihler 148. Walde 752. Watkins "tragh-". Räsänen 102b. PIE "studny-", "(s)teud", root "(s)teu". Pokorny 1033. Mann 65. Not in Janson, Huld. Borrowed from OF "pousser", q.v. Skeat. OED. Lat. "pulso", freq. of "pello" `drive', PIE "pel". Dauzat. Pokorny 801. BW. OHG "stōzan", PG "stautan", PIE "steud", root "(s)teu". PPN "pasu". PE. PIE "treud" `squeeze', perhaps ext. of "terH" `rub'. Pokorny 1095, 1071. EM "trudo". Walde 755, 728. Watkins "treud-". Räsänen 174b. Most popular guess is PIE "seuH" `juice', but consonant is suspicious. Mann 85, Huld 113. Walde 468*. Pokorny 912. OE "regn", PG "regnaz", PIE "rek̑" `damp' (or possibly "reg̑h", if Alb. "rrjedh" `flow' is related). Skeat. OED. Pokorny 857. Watkins "reg-2". Pop. LAT *"ploia", from "pluia", from Class. "pluvia"; influenced by the verb "plovo" (*"pluvo"). PIE root "pleu" `flow', perhaps from a "pel" `flow, fill'. BW. EM "pluo". PG "regnaz", PIE "rek̑" `damp'. Pokorny 857. Kluge "Regen". PPN "`uha", POc "qusan", PMP "quZan", Proto-Austronesian "quZaL". PE. Ross. Blust. Verb "pluit" `it rains', PIE root "pleu" `flow'. Perhaps an extension of "pel" `flow, fill'. Pokorny 835. EM "pluo". Sihler 174. Walde 94*, 55*, 56*. Watkins "pleu-". Cf. "yağmak", verb. Räsänen 177b. Loan from Lat. "cocceus" `scarlet', from "coccum" `kermes', from Greek "kókkos". Mann 112. Huld 84. EM. OE "rēad", PG "raudaz", PIE "roudhos", root "reudh". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 872. Watkins "reudh-1". LAT "rubeus", PIE root "reudh". BW. Dauzat. OHG "rōt", PG "raudaz", see ENG. Pokorny 872. Kluge "rot". PPN "kula". PE. PIE "rudhro", root "reudh" `red'. Pokorny 872. EM "ruber". Sihler 148. Walde 358*. Watkins "reudh-1". Cf. "kızmak" `get red'. Räsänen 269a. hand PIE, perhaps "dek̑syo-", root "dek̑s", perhaps from "dek̑" `take'. Huld 53. Janson 135. Walde 784. Pokorny 190. OE "riht", PG "rehtaz", PIE "rek̑tos", root "reg̑" `straight'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 855. Barnhart. Watkins "reg-1". Same word as `straight'; replaced "destre" by 16th c. PIE root "reg̑". BW. OHG "reht", PG "rehtaz", see ENG. Pokorny 855. Kluge "recht". PCP "katau", PPN "ma-ta`u", POc, PMP "ma-taqu". "`Ā-" is a common prefix in Hawaiian. PE. Blust. PIE "dek̑siteros", comp. from "dek̑s-", perhaps root "dek̑" `take'. EM "dexter". Pokorny 190. Sihler 68. Walde 784. Watkins "deks-". Guesses include PIE "slubno" `be slick' and "lei" `pour'. Huld 88. Pokorny 664. Walde 392*. Mann 97. Borrowed from OF "rivere", from Pop. Lat. "rīpāria", from "rīpa" `(river) bank', PIE "reip", ext. of "rei" `scratch, tear'. Pokorny 858. Skeat. OED. EM "ripa". Watkins "rei-1". Borrowed from LAT "fluvius", replacing "flum" from Lat. "flumen"; both from verb "fluere" `flow', PIE "bhleu", root "bhel" `blow, swell'. Dauzat. BW. Watkins "bhleu-". OHG "fluz"; a nominalization of "fließen" `flow', q.v. Kluge "Fluß". "Kaha" (PPN "tafa") `place' + "wai" `water'. PE. Derived from "fluo" `flow', q.v. Loan from Arabic "nahr", root "nhr" `flow copiously'. Stachowski, v. 3, p. 20. Wehr 1176a. PIE approx. "wrH₂dnyaH₂", root "wraH₂d", like LAT, ENG. Huld 109. Mann 35, 71. Pokorny 1667. Borrowed from ON "rót", PIE "wraH₂d" `branch, root'. Pokorny 1167. Skeat. OED. Watkins "wrād-". Low LAT "rādīcīna", from "rādīx", see LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "wurzala", from "wurz-wala", PG first element "wurtiz", PIE "wr̥H₂di-", root "wraH₂d". Kluge "Wurzel". Pokorny 1167. Watkins "wrād-". PPN "(w)aka", PMP "wakaR". PE. Blust. PIE "wr̥H₂dīks", root "wraH₂d". Pokorny 1167. EM "radix". Sihler 179. Watkins "wrād-". Räsänen 287a. Nominalization of "kalb" `I rot'. Not in Huld, Janson, Mann, Pokorny. Borrowed from ON "rotinn", part. of PG "reut", PIE "reud" `tear'; extension of "reu-2" `tear down'? Pokorny 869. Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Pop. LAT *"putrītus", from Class. "putrescere", "putrēre", same root as "putridus", see LAT. BW. Watkins "pū̆-". OHG "fūl", PG "fūlaz", PIE "pūlos" `rotten', root "pu", interjection of disgust. Pokorny 849. Kluge "faul". PPN "pilau". PE. "-id-" deverbative of "putreo", from "puter", PIE root "pu", probably interjection of disgust. EM "puteo". Pokorny 849. Walde 82. Watkins "pū̆-". Cf. "çürümek" `to rot'. Räsänen 121b. spherical "Rrumbull" itself means `in a ball'. Not in Huld, Mann, Pokorny, Janson, Boretzky. Borrowed from OF "rund", see FRE. PIE root "retH". Skeat. OED. Pop. LAT "retundus", Class. "rotundus", q.v. Dauzat. BW. Borrowed from FRE "rond", q.v. Kluge. Base "poe" also means `round'. PE. Participial "-ndo-" derivative of a *"rotor" `roll', from "rota" `wheel', PIE root "retH". EM "rota". Pokorny 866. Sihler 625. Walde 368*. Watkins "ret-". From "yuvarlamak" `roll', from "yuva-" `turn'. Räsänen 212a. Loan from LAT "fricat", PIE "bher" `apply a sharp tool to, hit'. Huld 64. Mann 193. ME "rubben", perhaps PIE "wreib", root "wer" `turn'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Perhaps connected to OF "freter", from Pop. Lat. *"frictāre", same root as "fricare", see LAT. Watkins "bhrēi-". BW. Dauzat. OHG "rīban", perhaps PIE "wreib", see ENG. Pokorny 1152. Kluge "reiben". Various forms: "`a`anai, `āna`anai, `ānainai". Possibly transitive "-i". PE. "Frio" `pulverize', PIE "bhreiH", perhaps ext. of "bher" `apply a sharp tool to'. Pokorny 166. EM "frico". Walde 194*, 159*. From "sür" `lead to; rub'. Räsänen 437b. Pokorny lists as "krūpā" with PIE "kreu" `break'. Extension of "(s)ker" `cut'? That root may be connected to "(s)kel" `cut'. Pokorny 622. Huld 82. Mann 92. Walde 482. OE "salt", PG "saltam", PIE "sald", ext. of root "sal", perhaps related to "sal" `dirty grey'. Lubotsky (p. 60) follows Kortlandt in reconstructing PIE "saH₂l". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 878. Watkins "sal-1". LAT. BW. OHG "salz", PG "saltam", see ENG. Pokorny 878. Kluge "Salz". I assume this is "pa`a" `solid' + "kai" `sea'. "Kai" by itself (viz., "tasik") is often used for `salt' in Central/Eastern-Malayo-Polynesian languages. PE. Blust. PIE root noun "sal", see ENG. EM "sal". Sihler 44. Walde 452*. Räsänen 502b. Loan from LAT. Mann 63. Janson 57. OE "sand", PG "sandam", PIE "samHdho". Pokorny further links with Lat. "sabulum" and Greek "psammos" by positing underlying "bhs-" from root "bhes" `rub away'. Skeat. OED. Watkins "bhes-1". Lat. "sabulum", conceivably "(bh)s-abh-lo-m", PIE root "bhes" `rub away'. Dauzat. BW. Watkins "bhes-1". OHG "sant", PG "sandam", see ENG. PPN "`one", POc "qone", PCEMP "qənay", PMP "qenay". PE. Blust. No known etymology, though "-ena" is apparently an Etruscan suffix. Räsänen 299b. PIE "k̑eH₁" `proclaim'. Mann 33. Huld 119. Pokorny 566 "k̑ens". OE "secgan", PG "sagjan", PIE "sokʷ", root "sekʷ" `say', perhaps same as "sekʷ" `see'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 897. Watkins "sekʷ-3". LAT. BW. OHG "sagēn", PG "sagjan", see ENG. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 897. Kluge "sagen". PEP "koolelo". Stem must be "lelo" `tongue'. PE. PIE root "deik̑" `point'. EM "dix". Sihler 52. Walde 776, 772. Räsänen 467b. Pokorny lists "gër(r)y(e)j", `scratch'; could this be a fusion between that and "vishkoj" `I scrape'? PIE root is "gred". Pokorny 405. Not in Mann, Huld, Janson. Late ME blend of "scrat" and "cratch", both `scratch'. "Scrat" may be an extension of PG "krattōjan", PIE "gred", perhaps via OF "esgrater". OED. Barnhart. Skeat. Pokorny 405. Watkins "grat-". Dauzat: ultim. from PG "krattōjan", PIE "gred". BW. Dauzat. Watkins "grat-". OHG "krazzōn", PG "krattōjan", perhaps PIE "gred", perhaps via OF "esgrater". Pokorny 405. Kluge "kratzen". PPN "waru". Passive stem is "waluh". PE. PIE "skab". Pokorny 931. EM "scabo". Walde 562*. Watkins "skep-". From "tırma-" `scratch'. Räsänen 479a. Perhaps PIE "dheuboto-", root "dheub". Huld 50. Not in Janson, Mann, Pokorny. OE "sǣ", PG "saiwiz". PIE root could be "sai". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 877. LAT. BW. OHG "sēo", PG "saiwiz". Same word as "See" `lake', differentiated by gender since 16th c. Possibly a PIE "sāi" `pain'. Kluge "See". Pokorny 877. PNP "tai", PPN "tahi", PMP "tasik". PE. Blust. PIE "mori". Pokorny 748. EM "mare". Sihler 65. Walde 234*. Watkins "mori-". Räsänen 474a. PIE "sokʷḗsk̑-", causative of "sekʷ" `see'? Mann 131, 161, Huld 114. Not in Pokorny. OE "sēon", PG "sehwan", PIE "sekʷ", may be source of "say". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 897. Watkins "sekʷ-2". LAT. BW. OHG "sehan", PG "sehwan", see ENG. Kluge "sehen". Pokorny 897. Same word as `know'. PPN "kite", POc, PMP "kita". Blust. PIE stative "wideH₁", root "weid". EM "video". Pokorny 1125. Sihler 178, 531. Walde 237. Watkins "weid-". Räsänen 292a. PIE approx. "sporaH₂", root "sper". Mann 61. Huld 63. Not in Pokorny. OE "sǣd", PG "sǣdiz", from root `sow', PIE "seH₁tis", root "seH₁". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 390. Watkins "sē-1". Lat. "grāna", reinterp. from pl. of "grānum", PIE "g̑r̥Hnom", root "g̑erH". Pokorny 390. BW. Watkins "gr̥ə-no-". OHG "samo", to PIE root "seH₁" `sow'. Pokorny 390. Kluge "Same(n)". PE. PIE root "seH₁" `sow'. Pokorny 390. EM "sero". Sihler 48. Walde 460*. Lubotsky, p. 55. Watkins "sē-1". Loan from Persian "tuxm". Steingass 288b. Räsänen 497a. Mann reconstructs a PIE "kep" as in Lith. "kempù" `adhere'. Mann 34. Not in Janson, Pokorny, Huld. OE "siowan", PG "siwjan", PIE root "syuH" `sew'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 916. Watkins "syū-". Pop. Lat. "cōsere", Class. "consuere" `sew together', "con-" + "suere". PIE root "syuH". Dauzat. BW. OHG "najan", PG "nǣjan", PIE "(s)nē" `turn'. Kluge "nähen". PNP "sumu". PE. PIE root "suH", variant of "syuH". Pokorny 916. EM "suo". Sihler 535. Walde 515*. Watkins "syū-". From "dik" `straight'. Räsänen 479b. Adj. of "mpreh" `sharpen'. "M-" is clearly a prefix "en-"; cf. "preh", "pref", same meaning. Mann derives which from "per-ōk̑u-", but maybe a connection to "pres", etc., `cut' is to be sought? Mann 82. Not in Huld, Janson. OE "scearp", PG "skarpo-", PIE root "(s)ker" `cut'. Pokorny 941. OED. Watkins "sker-1". "Trancher", OF "trenchier", prob. from Pop. Lat. *"trēnicāre" `cut in 3', crossing of "trēs" `three' and *"trīnicāre", base "trīni", from root "trei". BW. Dauzat. OHG "scarpf", PG "skarpo-", PIE root "(s)ker" `cut'. Pokorny 941. OED. Kluge "scharf". PPN "kohi". PE. Stative "aceo" `be sharp', PIE root "H₂ak̑". EM "ac-". Pokorny 18. Sihler 45. Walde 33. Watkins "ak-". From "kes-" `cut'. Räsänen 257b. Adverb is "shkurt". Loan from Lat. "curtus", root "(s)ker" `cut'. May be a connection to "(s)kel" `cut'. EM "curtus". Not in Huld, Janson, Mann. OE "scort", PG "skurto-", PIE "skr̥do", root "(s)ker" `cut'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 941. Watkins "sker-1". Lat. "curtus", PIE root "(s)ker". EM. BW. Loan from Lat. "curtus", PIE root "(s)ker". EM. Kluge "kurz". "Poko" (PNP "poto") also means `short'. "Pō-" often expresses state. PE. PIE "mreg̑hw-", root "mreg̑h". Pokorny 751. EM "brevis". Sihler 211. Walde 314*. Watkins "mregh-u-". From "kıs" `compress'. Räsänen 267b. Loan from LAT "canto", iterative of "cano", q.v. Mann 30. Janson 119. Huld 80. OE "singan", PG "singan", PIE root "sengʷh" `sing'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 906. Watkins "sengʷh-". Lat. "canto", see ALB. BW. OHG "singan", PG "singan", see ENG. Pokorny 906. Kluge "singen". PNP "umele". PE. PIE root "kan". EM "cano". Pokorny 525. Sihler 45. Walde 351. Watkins "kan-". I.e., "şarkı" `song' "söylemek" `speak'. stative PIE "en-ten-", root "ten" `stretch'. Mann 162. Huld 109. Pokorny 1066. OE "sittan", PG "sitjan", PIE "sedyo-", root "sed". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 885. Watkins "sed-1". "Asseoir" is from Pop. Lat. "assedere", from "assidere" rebuilt on basis of "sedere" `sit', q.v. OHG "sizzan", PG "sitjan", see ENG. Pokorny 885. Kluge "sitzen". PPN "nofo", POc "nopo". PE. Blust. PIE "sedeH₁-", stative from root "sed". Pokorny 885. EM "sedeo". Sihler 497. Walde 483*. I.e., "remain being", from "ol" `be'. Räsänen 361a, 360b. From PIE "lH₁k-er-", root "leH₁k" `tear', like Lat. "lacer", although there's a chance the Albanian is a loan. Huld 86. Walde 419*. Pokorny 674. EM "lacer". Borrowed from ON "skinn", PG "skinþa", PIE "skend-" `flay', root "sek" `cut'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 929. Barnhart. Watkins "sek-". Lat. "pellis" `hide', replacing "cutis"; PIE "pelnis", root "pel" `skin'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 803. Watkins "pel-4". OHG "hūt", PG "hūdiz", dental ext. of PIE "(s)keu(H)" `cover'. Kluge "Haut". Pokorny 803. Same word as `bark'. PPN "kili", POc, PMP "kulit". PE. Blust. PIE "ku-ti-", root "(s)keu" `cover'. Pokorny 803. EM "cutis". Walde 549*. Watkins "(s)keu-". Räsänen 475b. Loan from LAT. Huld 107. Not in Janson, Mann, Pokorny. Borrowed from ON "ský" `cloud', PG "skeujam", PIE "(s)keu" `cover'. Skeat. Pokorny 803. LAT. BW. OHG "himil", PG "himena", PIE root "k̑em" `cover'. Watkins derives from PIE "k̑e-men-", from root "ak̑" `sharp'. Kluge "Himmel". Pokorny 556. Watkins "ak-" `sharp'. PPN "laŋi", POc "laŋit", PMP "láŋit", Proto-Austronesian "laŋiC". PE. Ross. Blust. PIE "kaid", perhaps ext. of "(s)kāi" `bright'. Pokorny 916. EM "caelum". Walde 537*. Räsänen 287a. Mann has as a compound, e.g. "apo-legh-" `lie down', root PIE "legh" `lie'. Mann 169. Not in Huld, Pokorny. OE "slǣpan", PG "slǣpan", PIE "(s)leHb" `be weak', root perhaps "sleH" `weak'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 655. Watkins "slēb-". LAT. BW. OHG "slāfan", PG "slǣpan", see ENG. Kluge "schlafen". Pokorny 655. Same word as `lie'. PPN "mohe". PE. PIE "dr̥myo-", base "drem", perhaps root "der(H)" `sleep', plus present suffix of indeterminate aspect, "-em-". EM "dormio". Pokorny 226. Walde 821. Watkins "drem-". Räsänen 508a. Mann 108. Huld 131. Walde 247. Not in Pokorny. OE "smæl". PIE "(s)mēlo" `small animal'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 724. Watkins "mēlo-", "mel-5". Some "pitt-" root from child language? Dauzat. BW. OHG "klein", PWG "klainiz", PIE "g̑el" `bright'. Kluge "klein". Pokorny 366. Watkins "gel-2". PPN "`iti", POc "rikiq", PMP "dikiq". PE. Blust. PIE root "pōu" plus "-ro-", with metathesis. EM "pau-". Pokorny 105. Walde 75*. Watkins "pau-". Räsänen 269b. `Takes' + `wind', q.v. ME "smellen", "smüllen". Perhaps PIE "smel" `smoulder'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 969. Lat. "sentīre" `perceive', replacing OF "oloir" from Lat. "olere". PIE "sentyo-", perhaps from root "sent" `go in a certain direction'. BW. EM "sentio". Pokorny 908. Watkins "sent-". OHG "riohhan", PG "reukan", orig. `smoke', PIE "reug", root perhaps "reu". Pokorny 872. Kluge "riechen". Watkins "reug-". PPN "songi". Possibly transitive "-i". PE. Compound of "ole-" `smell' and "facio" `make'. Stative verb "oleo" `I smell', earlier "olo", PIE root "H₃od". Several words have /d/:/l/ alternation in Latin, but may also be influenced by "olea" `olive', or be a Sabine borrowing. Pokorny 772. EM "oleo". Sihler 121. Walde 174. Watkins "od-1". From "kok-" `smell'. Räsänen 276a. Nominalization of "tymos" `smoke', a loan from Old Church Slavic "timijasati" `burn incense', a loan from Greek "thumiáza" incense, from "thūō" `I smoke', PIE "dhuHmos", root "dheuH" `swirl in the air'. Lubotsky, p. 59. Huld 117. Pokorny 261. OE "smoca", PG "smuk-", PIE "(s)meug" `smoke'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 971. Watkins "smeug-". Extension of OF "fum", LAT "fumus", PIE root "dheuH". OHG "rouh", PG "raukiz", PIE "reug", root perhaps "reu". Kluge "Rauch". Pokorny 872. PEP "au-afi" (literally `fire smoke'), PPN "`ahu", PMP "qasu". PE. Blust. PIE "dhuHmos", root "dheuH" `float in air'. Pokorny 261. EM "fumus". Sihler 47. Walde 835. Watkins "dheu-1". From *"tum" `cold', from *"tu" `block the way'. Räsänen 498b. Cf. "lëmoj" `I file, sand, smooth'. Not in Mann, Janson, Huld, Pokorny. OE "smōþ", PG "smanþ-". It is very hard to see the motivation in Pokorny's derivation from "sem" `one'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 904. Barnhart. From verb "lisser", Lat. "lixare", from "lixa", PIE "wliks-", root "wleik-"; perhaps crossed with "allīsus", `used cloth'. BW. EM "lix, liquo". Pokorny 669. Watkins "wleik-". OHG "glat", PG "gladaz", perhaps PIE root "g̑hel" `yellow'. Pokorny 429. Kluge "glatt". Watkins "ghel-2". POc "ma-lino"; "ma-" is a stative prefix. PE. Ross. PIE "leiwis", root "(s)lei" `slimy'. Lubotsky treats as u-stem: PIE "leH₁i-u-s" to Pre-Lat. *"lēyus", reformed to i-stem *"lējwis" to "lēuis". Pokorny 664. EM "leuis". Walde 390*. Räsänen 508a. PIE root "serp" `creep'. Huld 67. Janson 20. Walde 502*. Pokorny 912. OE "snaca", PG "snakōn-", PIE "snogon-", root "(s)nHg". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "sneg-". The usual Lat. word, "serpens" `the crawler', a euphemism for "anguis". PIE "serp" `creep', as in ALB. Pokorny 912. BW. EM. Watkins "serp-2". OHG "slango", from verb "schlingen" `creep, coil; swallow?', PIE "slongʷh". Pokorny 961. Kluge "Schlange". Apparently a loan from Hebrew "naḥaš" or ENG "snake", or rather a blend of the two. POc is "mwata". Blust. PE. Ringe 1992 has /angwis/. Older, less common word for "serpens". PIE "angʷ(h)is", root "angʷ(h)". Pokorny 43. EM "anguis". Sihler 163. Walde 63. Watkins "angʷhi-". From "yıl" `glide'. Räsänen 200a. Because "bie" `fall' is used for precipitation, may have same origin, in PIE "bher". Huld 45. Not in Janson, Pokorny. OE "snāw", PG "snaiwaz", PIE "snoigʷhos", root "sneigʷh". Skeat. Walde 695*. OED. Pokorny 971. Watkins "sneigʷh-". From the verb "neiger", from Pop. LAT *"nivicare", built from the stem "nivi-" of "nix", the noun. PIE root "sneigʷh". BW. OHG "snēo", PG "snaiwaz", see ENG. Walde 695*. Kluge "Schnee". Pokorny 971. "Hau" `ice' (q.v.) + "kea" `white'. PE. PIE "snigʷh", root "sneigʷh". EM "nix". Pokorny 974. Sihler 163. Walde 695. Watkins "sneigʷh-". Räsänen 235a. "Di" `I know' (q.v.) + "sa" `how much'. Çabej 182. Not in Janson, Huld, Mann, Pokorny. OE "sum", PG "sumas", PIE "sm̥mos", root "sem" `one'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 902. Watkins "sem-1". 12th century compound "quel que", the head from Lat. "qualis", root "qu", PIE interrog/rel. stem "kʷ". BW. EM "qualis". Extension of "ein(s)" `one'. Kluge "ein". Pokorny 281. I assume this is `the' + `one'. PE. Compounded from "alio-" `other', q.v., and "quis" `who', q.v. EM "alius". Pokorny 25. Walde 86. Watkins "al-1". Loan from Arabic "ba`ḍ" `portion, some', root "b`ḍ" `divide into parts'. Räsänen 66a. Wehr 82a. PIE "spyeuH" as in LAT. Çabej 255. Mann 65. Pokorny 999. OE "spittan", onomat. within Germanic, perhaps connected to PIE "spyeuH". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "spyeu-". Earlier *"krakka", either a borrowing from Germanic, or an independent onomatopeia. Dauzat. BW. Borrowed from Low German. Kluge "spucken". PCP "tufa". Onomatopoeia? Replaces POc "qanusi". PE. Blust. PIE "spu", variant of "spyeuH" `spit'. Prob. imitative of the sound and/or action. EM "spuo". Pokorny 999. Walde 683*. Watkins "spyeu-". Räsänen 504a. Onomatopoetic. PIE "skedny-", root "sked" `split', ext. of "sek" `cut'. Pokorny 919. Mann 183. Walde 558*. Not in Janson, Huld. Borrowed from Middle Dutch "splitten", PG "splītan", PIE "spleid", from "(s)plei" `split', ext. of "(s)pel" `split'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 985, 1000. Watkins "splei-". LAT. BW. OHG "spaltan", PIE root "(s)pel". Pokorny 985. Kluge "spalten". PCP "waasi", PNP "fa`asi". Possibly transitive "-i". PE. Nasal infix (cf. "fissum") of PIE root "bheid", possibly an ext. of "bhei" `hit'. Pokorny 116. EM "findo". Sihler 508. Walde 138*. Watkins "bheid-". Räsänen 189a. Çabej simply says it is native. Not in Mann, Huld, Janson, Pokorny. Perhaps a blend of various words like "squash" and "quease"; cf. also "squiss", "squish", "squize", "quash". "Quease" is from OE "cwiesan", of unknown etym.; "squash" is borrowed from OF "esquasser" `crush', from Pop. Lat. *"exquasso", base "quasso" `shatter', freq. of "quato" `shake', PIE "kʷeHt". In the end, sibilants keep popping up, and are prob. naturally expressive of squashing. Pokorny 632. OED. Barnhart. Skeat. LAT "presso", freq. of "premo", q.v. PIE root "per" `hit'. BW. Watkins "per-5". OHG "thruken", PWG "þrukkja", PIE "terH" `rub'. Pokorny 1071. Kluge "drücken". Same word means `squeak, squeal'; onomatopoetic? Perhaps connected to the word for `thin'. Replaces POc "poRos". Blust. PIE root "per" `hit' with durative present suffix "-em-". EM "premo". Pokorny 818. Sihler 583. Walde 43*. Watkins "per-5". Possibly connected to Arm. /jig/ `stretch tight'. Dankoff, p. 166. Räsänen 415b. PIE "k̑r̥", root "k̑er(H)" `to wound'. Pokorny 578. Janson 127. Walde 410. Not in Mann, Huld. Scottish, else uncertain. Skeat. Barnhart. "Poignard" `dagger', rebuilding of "poignal", Pop. Lat. *"pugnalis", from Class. "pugnus" `fist'. PIE root "p(e)ug̑". Dauzat. BW. OHG "stehhan", PWG "stekan", PIE root "steig". Pokorny 1016. Kluge "stechen". Different from `new': PPN "fohu". Same word as `dig'. PIE "bhodhye" (for expected "bhedhye"), root "bhedh" `stab'. Pokorny 113. EM "fodio". Sihler 121, 536. Watkins "bhedh-". Root is `dagger', from Arabic "xanjar". Stachowski, v. 1, p. 90. Räsänen 155a. Wehr 304b. stative `On + foot', qv. PIE root "kamp" `bend'. OE "standan", PG "standan", PIE "stH₂nt-", root "steH₂". OED. Skeat. Pokorny 1004. Watkins "stā-". "Bout", from "bouter" `place' from `shove', from Frankish *"bōtan", PG "bautan", "-d-" pres. of PIE root "bh(a)u". Could the root be onomatopoetic? Pokorny 112. Dauzat. BW. Barnhart "beat". Watkins "bhau-". OHG "stēn", PG "stǣ-", PIE root "steH₂". Pokorny 1004. Kluge "stehen". Passive stem is "kūl-". PPN "tu`u", POc "tuqur", PMP "tuqud". PE. Blust. PIE "stH₂", with stative "-eH₁" suffix; root "steH₂". EM "sto". Pokorny 1004. Sihler 50. Walde 603*. Watkins "stā-". Räsänen 500a. Best guess is a PIE "H₁usli", root "H₁eus" `burn'. But many try to connect with PIE "sāwel" `sun'. Huld 132. Pokorny 881. OE "steorra", PG "sterrōn-", PIE "H₂sters-", root "H₂ster". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1027. Watkins "ster-3". Gallo-Roman "stēla", from LAT "stēlla". BW. OHG "sterno", PG "sternōn-", see ENG. Kluge "Stern". Pokorny 1027. PPN "fetu`u" (PMP "bituqen"); crossed with "hoku" (PEP "fotu" or "sotu") `night of the full moon'? PE. Blust. PIE "H₂stērlaH₂-", root "H₂ster". EM "stella". Pokorny 1027. Walde 635*. Watkins "ster-3". Räsänen 210a. Kiçi & Aliko (1969). Not in Janson, Huld, Mann, Çabej, Pokorny. OE "sticca", PG "stikkōn-", PIE "stig", root "steig" `stick'. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 1016. Watkins "steig-". *"Bastonem", ext. of Low Lat. "bastum", perhaps from "basto" `carry', from Greek "bastazo" `carry a burden'. BW. Dauzat. EM "bastum". OHG "stoc", PG "stukkaz", PIE "steug-", extension of "steu" `push'. Kluge "Stock". Pokorny 1032. Watkins "(s)teu-". Same as `tree'. "lā-" is the form "lau" `leaf' takes in compounds; "`au" can mean `stalk, shaft'; perhaps `leaves with stalks'? PEP "la`akau". PIE "baktlom", root "bak" `cane'. Pokorny 93. EM "baculum". Walde 104*. Watkins "bak-". From "değ-" `touch'. Räsänen 468b. PIE "gʷerH" `mountain'. Huld 66. Mann 82. Walde 682. Pokorny 477. OE "stān", PG "stainaz", PIE "stoinos", root "stei". Pokorny 1010. Skeat. OED. Watkins "stei-". Lat. "petra", from Greek. Not in Pokorny. EM "petra". BW. Watkins "petra". OHG "stein", PG "stainaz", see ENG. Pokorny 1010. Kluge "Stein". PCP "poofatu", PPN "fatu", PMP "batu". Base "haku" means `core, stone'. Blust. PIE root "lep" `stone'. Pokorny 678. EM "lapis". Walde 431*. Räsänen 466a. Loan from LAT "directus", compound of "rectus", qv. Huld 55. Mann 3. Not in Janson. Past part. of "stretch", OE "streccan", PWG "strakkjan", from "strakko-" `straight', perhaps PIE "streg", ext. of "(s)ter" `stiff'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1023. LAT "directus", from "rectus", q.v. Same word as `right'. BW. OHG "gihradi" `fast', PIE "rotH" `wheel', root "retH" `go'. PE. Past. part. of "rego" `go in a straight line', PIE root "reg̑". Pokorny 855. EM "rego". Sihler 85. Walde 363*. Watkins "reg-1". Also means `true'. "Straight" appears to be the root idea. Räsänen 454a. Note "thith(ë)" `nipple', "cicë" `nipple', "sise" `nipple'. Çabej notes that "c" often changes to "th". Clearly sounds like a series of nursery words. Not in Huld, Janson, Mann. OE "sūcan", PG "sūkan", PIE "suHg", ext. of "seuH" `juice'. Pokorny 912. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "seuə-2". Pop. LAT "suctio", Class. "sugo". OHG "sūgan", PG "sūgan", PIE root "seuH" `suck'. Pokorny 912. Kluge "saugen". PEP "`omo". Replaces POc "sosop". PE. Blust. PIE "suH" with a guttural extension; `juice', `suck', probably imitating the sound of slurping. Root "seuH". Pokorny 912. EM "sugo". Walde 469*. Watkins "seuə-2". Sound symbolism? Räsänen 41b. Most likely PIE "swelwo-". Mann 46. Huld 50. Walde 447*. OE "sunne", PG "sunnōn-", PIE "sun", "swen". Skeat. Walde 446*. OED. Pokorny 881. Watkins "sāwel-". Pop. Lat. *"soliculus", ext. of Class. "sol". BW. Dauzat. OHG "sunna", PG "sunnōn-", see ENG. Kluge "Sonne". Same as `day'. PE. PIE "suH₂al"; with same slightly mysterious root as in ENG "sun", GER "Sonne", ALB "diell". EM "sol". Pokorny 881. Sihler 84. Walde 446*. Watkins "sāwel-". Räsänen 309a. Probably PIE "H₂anH₁" `breathe'. Pokorny 39. Mann 193. Janson 155. Not in Huld. OE "swellan", PG "swelnan". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Lat. "inflo", "in" `in' (q.v.) and "flo" `blow' (q.v.). PIE root "bhel-". BW. OHG "swellan", PG "swelnan". Kluge "schwellen". The root is "pehu" `swollen'. PCP "pefu" or "pesu". PE. Stative stem "tumē-", from "-m-" ext. of PIE root "teuH" `swell'. EM "tumeo". Pokorny 1082. Walde 708. Watkins "teuə-". Räsänen 424a. PIE "snaH₂" as in LAT. Huld 148. OE "swimman", PG "swimjan", perhaps PIE "swem" `move'. OED. Skeat. Barnhart. Pokorny 1046. Watkins "swem-". Lat. "navigare" `sail', compound, 1st part from "navis" `ship', PIE "naH₂us"; no connection to Lat. "no". Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 755. PG "swimjan", see ENG. Pokorny 1046. Kluge "schwimmen". Watkins "swem-". PPN "kau", POc perhaps "kakaRu". Blust. PIE root "snaH₂", conceivably connected to "nubes" `cloud'. EM "no". Pokorny 972. Sihler 483. Walde 692*. Räsänen 214a. Huld 45. Not in Pokorny. OE "tægel", PG "taglaz", PIE "doklos", root "dek̑" `fringe'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 191. Watkins "dek-2". LAT "cōda", by-form of "cauda". BW. From "schwanken" `wag', PG "swankan", variant of PIE root "sweng". Kluge "Schwanz". Watkins "sweng(w)-". EM "cauda". Räsänen 296b. neuter Also "ay". "A-" `that' + PIE "so" `that'. The "a-" for designating remote objects is unexplained; possibly expressive? Same word as `he'. Huld 37. Pokorny 979. OE "þæt", PG "þat", PIE "tod-", root "t" `that'; ending "-at" cognate with `what'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 1086. Watkins "to-". "Ce-" (also in "ceci" `this', "ici" `here') is from Pop. Lat. "ecce + hoc"; plus "là", Lat. "illāc". "Ecce" has the "-ce" clitic as in "hic", etc., but it's not clear what it is attached to; Pokorny guessed "ed" from "e-" `that'. Pokorny 282, 609. BW. EM "ecce". BW. PG "þat", see ENG. Kluge "der". Pokorny 1086. Initial morpheme cognate with `this, some'. PNP "teelaa". PE. OLat "ol-", initial "i" under influence of "is" `he'; "ol" is usually connected to "alius" `other'. EM "ille". Pokorny 25. Sihler 393. Walde 84. Räsänen 356a. "A" is morpheme of distance, as in `that, they'. Mann 197. Not in Huld, Janson, Pokorny. OE "þēr", PG "þēr", "r"-locative on PIE demonstrative root "t". Skeat. Watkins "to-". Pokorny 1086. Same as the final morpheme in "cela" `that'. Lat. "illāc", adverbial extension of "ille", see "il" `he'. PIE root "al" crossed with "i". EM "ille". BW. Pokorny 24. OHG "dā(r)", PWG "þǣr", see ENG. Kluge "da". PEP "laila" or "leila". PE. Locative (cf. "ubi" `where') extension of "i-" as in "is" `he', "unus" `one'. Pokorny 281. EM "ibi". Sihler 79. Walde 100. Locative of "ora" `that place', from "o-" demonstrative morpheme. Same initial morpheme as in `that', `there'. Mann 115. Not in Huld, Janson, Pokorny. Mostly reflects ON "þei-", PG "þai", PIE demonstrative root "t-". OED. Skeat. Barnhart. Watkins "to-". Plural of "il" `he', q.v. Cross of PIE "al" `beyond' and "i". PIE demonstratives "so, sā", root "s". Pokorny 979. Kluge "sie". "-kou" is plural suffix. PNP "kilaatou". PE. In Lat. "e" suppletively alternates with "i" (cf. singular "is"), but apparently they are unrelated. Pokorny 281. EM "is". Plural of word for `that'. Räsänen 356a. "Trash" `I thicken'. Not in Janson, Huld, Mann, Pokorny. OE "þicce", PG "þikuz", PIE "tegu-". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 1057. Watkins "tegu-". Lat. "spissus", "-to-" form of *"spid", perhaps ext. of PIE root "speH₁" `thrive'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 984. OHG "dicki", PG "þikuz", see ENG. Pokorny 1057. Kluge "dick". Pokorny 1057. "Mā-" is a common stative prefix, so maybe the root is "noa". PE. Perhaps PIE base "kert" `turn', ext. of "(s)ker". Pokorny 584, 935. EM "crassus". Walde 421. Räsänen 226b. PIE "skēlo", root "(s)kel" `cut', like Lat. "culter" `knife'. May be a connection to "(s)ker" `cut'. Pokorny 924. Huld 75. Mann 95. Walde 591*. Not in Janson. OE "þynne", PG "þunn-", PIE root "ten" `stretch'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1069. Barnhart. Watkins "ten-". From verb "mincier" `mince', Pop. Lat. "minūtio", from "minūtus" `small', from "minuo" `decrease', PIE "minu", root "mei". Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 711. EM "minuo". Watkins "mei-2". OHG "dunni", PG "þunn-", see ENG. PPN "iwiiwi". Connected to "`uwī" `squeeze'? PIE "tenú-" `thin' from root "ten" `stretch'. Lubotsky, p. 59: root "tenH". Pokorny 1069. EM "tenuis". Sihler 97. Walde 724. Watkins "ten-". Räsänen 203b. From "mend" `mind', loan from Lat. "mentem", PIE root "men" `think'. Pokorny 726. Huld 91. Mann 72. EM "mens". Not in Janson. OE "þencan", factitive of PG "þinkan", PIE "teng", possibly extension of "ten" `stretch'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1088. Kluge "denken". Watkins "tong-". Pop. Lat. "pensare" `weigh, judge' from "pendere" `weigh', PIE root "(s)pen" `draw'. Nasal must be influenced by written language, i.e., a partial loan from Latin. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 988, 982. Watkins "(s)pen-". PG "þinkan", PIE "teng", possibly extension of "ten" `stretch'. Pokorny 1088. Kluge "denken". PPN "manako". Passive stem is "mana`ol-". Reduplicates as "manana`o". PE. Prefix "co-" `with' plus "ago" `drive', PIE "ag̑". Pokorny 4. EM "ago". Walde 35. From "düş-" `fall'. Räsänen 507b. neuter "k-" is a proximate demonstrative, perhaps from PIE indefinites in "kʷ". (Or the enclitic "-ke": would that be same as FRE?) "-y" is from PIE "so" `that', as in "ay" ("ai") `that'. The former may therefore have same origin as "ç'" `what'. Mann 114. Huld 84. Walde 509*. Pokorny 929. OE "þis", PG "þasi-", demonstrative "þa-" with proximative "-se/-si" ending. PIE dem. root "t-". OED. Skeat. Pokorny 1086. Watkins "to-". Same root as `that' (Lat. "-ce" as in "hoc"), with the "-ci" prox. suffix as in "ici" `here'. Same source as "das" `that' but with proximative "-se/-si" ending. PIE dem. root "t". Pokorny 1086. PCP "teeia". Same initial morpheme as `that'. PE. PIE "g̑ho" plus suffixal "-c(e)". Pokorny 609. EM "hic". Sihler 393. Walde 542. Räsänen 85a. familiar PIE "tū" `thou'. Root may be demonstrative "t". Mann 114. Huld 116. Walde 745. Pokorny 1097. Same word as `you' pl. OE "ēow" (obl.), PG "iuwiz", PIE root "yu". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 514. Skeat. Watkins "yu-1". Nominative. Ringe 1993 has /tua/, a disjunctive. LAT "tu". PIE root may be demonstrative "t". OHG "du", PG "þū", PIE "tū". Root "t-", which may have something to do with pronominal stem "to-" `that'. Pokorny 1097. Kluge "du". PPN "koe". Cf. PMP "i-kahu". PE. Blust. PIE "tū", root "t". Pokorny 1097. Walde 745. Watkins "tu-". Räsänen 409b. PIE "treyes", root "trey". Huld 117. Mann. Walde 753. Pokorny 1090. OE "þrēo", PG "þrijiz", PIE "treyes", root "trey". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1090. Watkins "trei-". LAT "trēs", PIE root "trey". OHG "drī", PG "þrijiz", see ENG. Pokorny 1090. Kluge "drei". Watkins "trei-". PPN "tolu", PMP "telu". PE. Blust. PIE "treyes", root "trey". Pokorny 1090. EM "tres". Sihler 410. Walde 753. Watkins "trei-". Räsänen 518a. PIE root "(s)keud-" `throw', perhaps from a "(s)keu". Mann 155. Huld 72. Walde 554*. Pokorny 956. OE "þrāwan" `turn, twist', PG "þrǣw-", PIE "treH₁", variant of root "terH₁" `rub'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 1071. Watkins "terə-1". Low Lat. "lanceo" `handle a lance', from "lancea" `lance', from Celtic, PIE root "plāk" `hit'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 832. EM "lancea". OHG "werfan", PG "werpan", PIE "wer" `turn'. Kluge "werfen". Pokorny 1152. PCP "no(o)u". PE. PIE root "yē". EM "iacio". Pokorny 502. Sihler 531. Walde 199. Watkins "yē-". Räsänen 31a. PIE "leig̑", like LAT "ligo". Pokorny 668. Mann 174. Huld 86. Tucker "ligo", Walde 400*. OE "tīegan", PIE "doukeyo-", PIE root "deuk" `pull'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 220. Watkins "deuk-". OF "estachier", replacing the initial with the prefix "a-". The noun is "estache" `pole', Frankish "stakka" `stake', PG "stikkon-", PIE "stig", root "steig" `stick'. BW. Pokorny 1017. OHG "bintan", PG "bindan", PIE root "bhendh". Pokorny 127. Kluge "binden". PE: root "ki`i" is found with half a dozen different prefixes. PCP "-tiki". Possibly transitive "-i". PE. PIE "leig". EM "ligo". Pokorny 668. Walde 400*. Watkins "leig-1". Räsänen 53a. PAlb "gʎuhë", earlier "gluxo"; pre-Alb. "g̑hundsk̑e". Could be related to LAT, ENG, GER if there was a spontaneous metathesis from "dn̥g̑hu". Mann 91. Huld 71. Walde 792. OE "tunge", PG "tungōn-", PIE root "dn̥g̑hū". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 223. Watkins "dn̥g̑hū". LAT. OHG "zunga", PG "tungōn-", see ENG. Kluge "Zunge". Also "elelo, lelo". Suspiciously close to "`ōlelo" `language, speak'. Replaces POc. "maya". PE. Blust. OLat "dingua". PIE "dn̥g̑hwaH₂", root "dn̥g̑hū". The initial "l" is either a matter of possibly dialectal "d:l" alternation (cf. `smell'), and/or a crossing with "lingo" `lick'. EM "lingua". Pokorny 223. Sihler 39. Walde 792. Watkins "dn̥g̑hū". Räsänen 478a. PIE "g̑ombhos" `tooth', root "g̑embh" `bite'. Mann 30. Huld 58. Pokorny 369. Walde 575. OE "tōþ", PG "tanþuz", PIE "dent-", pres. part. of "H₁ed". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 287. Watkins "dent-". LAT "dentem", acc. of "dens", q.v. BW. OHG "zan", PG "tanþuz", see ENG. Pokorny 287. Kluge "Zahn". PPN "nifo", POc "nipon", PCEMP "nipən", PMP "nipen". PE. Blust. PIE "dent-", a participle (i.e., "H₁dn̥t") of root "H₁ed" `eat'. Pokorny 287. EM "dens". Sihler. Walde 120. Watkins "dent-". Räsänen 481b. PAlb "drun-", root "deru". Pokorny 215. Mann 33, 69. Huld 56. Walde 805. OE "trēow", PG "trewam", PIE "drewom", root "deru". Skeat. OED. Watkins "deru". LAT "arbor, arborem". BW. OHG "boum", PWG "baumaz", possibly PIE root "bheuH" `grow'. Pokorny 146. Kluge "Baum". Watkins "bheuə-". "Lā-" is the form "lau" `leaf' takes in compounds; "`au" can mean `stalk, shaft': perhaps `leaves with stalks'? PEP "la`akau". PE. Possibly "erdh" `tall'. EM "arbos". Pokorny 339. Walde 149. Räsänen 7b. Clearly connected to LAT "verus"; loan from "veritatem"? PIE "wēr". Not in Huld, Mann, Janson, Pokorny. OE "trēowe", PG "trewwjaz", PIE "drew" `firm', perh. metaph. extension of meaning `tree'. Skeat. OED. From "verai", Pop. LAT "vērācus", replacing Class. "vērāx", from "vērus", q.v. BW. OHG "wār", PG "wǣraz", PIE root "wēr". Pokorny 1166. Kluge "wahr". Seems to be a compound of "`oia" and "`i`o", both of which mean `true'. PE. PIE "wēr". EM "uerus". Pokorny 1166. Walde 286. Watkins "wēro-". `Straight' seems to be the original idea. Räsänen 454a. PIE, perhaps the fem. "duwai"; root is "dw". Mann 31, Huld 56. Walde 817. Pokorny 228. OE "twā", PG "twai", PIE "duwai", root "dw-". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 228. Barnhart. Watkins "dwo-". LAT "duos", acc. of "duo", q.v. OHG "zwei" neut., PIE root "dw-". Pokorny 228. Kluge "zwei". POc "rua", PMP "duha". PE. Blust. The /o/ is a dual suffix, as in "ambo". PIE "dw". Pokorny 228. EM "duo". Walde 817. Watkins "dwo-". Räsänen 39a. PIE "wel" `turn'. Mann 157, Huld 130. Pokorny 1142. Borrowed from Lat. "vomit-", where the "t" is either past part. or frequentative; PIE root "wemH". Skeat. OED. Watkins "wemə-". Pop. LAT *"vomīre", Class. "vomere". The /o/ must be under the infl. of the written language (partial loan). PIE root "wemH". BW. Prefix "er-" on "brechen" `break', OHG "brehhan", PG "brekan", PIE "bhreg", perhaps from "bher" `apply a sharp tool to'. Pokorny 165. Kluge "brechen". PPN "lua`aki". PPN "lua" (POc "luaq"), plus a transitivizing suffix "-a`i". Cf. also "luea" `nausea'. PE. EP, p. 87. Assim. from *"vemo", PIE root "wemH" `spit'. Pokorny 1146. EM "uomo". Walde 262. Watkins "wemə-". Räsänen 304b. Connected to LAT "lavo", but posibly via loan. PIE root is "law". Huld 85. Janson 177. Mann 146. OE "wæscan", PWG "waskan", PIE "H₂wed-n/r". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 80. Barnhart. Watkins "wed-1". LAT. BW. OHG "wascan", PWG "waskan", see ENG. Kluge "waschen". Pokorny 80. Watkins "wed-1". PPN "solo`i", with transitivizing "-i", cf. Samoan "solo" `wipe'. PE. EP, p. 88. PIE root "lau" `wash'. Pokorny 692. EM "lavo". Walde 441. Watkins "leu(ə)-". From "jajka", from "jaj". Räsänen 179a. PIE, perhaps "udryom"; root is perhaps "H₂wed" `moisten'. Man 92. Huld 121. Pokorny 79. OE "wæter", PG "watar", PIE "wodō", base "H₂wed". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 79. Watkins "wed-1". LAT. BW. OHG "wazzar", PG "watar", see ENG. Pokorny 79. Kluge "Wasser". PPN "wai", PCEMP "waiR", PMP "wahiR". PE. Blust. PIE "akʷaH₂-", root "akʷ". Pokorny 23. EM "aqua". Walde 34. Watkins "akʷā-". Räsänen 431a. exclusive PIE "nos", oblique of root "ne". Mann 28. Huld 96. Walde 320. Pokorny 758. OE "wē", PG "wīz", PIE "weies", root "we". Skeat. OED "I". Pokorny 1114. Watkins "we-". LAT "nos", unstressed. BW. OHG "wir", PG "wīz", see ENG. Kluge "wir". "-kou" is suffix for more than 2 people. PEP "maatou", PNP "kimaatou", PPN "kimautolu", POc "k-ami". PE. Blust. PIE root "ne" (orig. non-nominative). Pokorny 758. EM "nos". Walde 320*. Watkins "nes-2". Räsänen 66a, 333b. "Lag" `moisten', PIE "wl̥g", root "welg" `wet'. Mann 36. Pokorny 1145. Not in Huld, Pokorny. OE "wǣt", PIE "wēdo-", root "wed" `water'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 80. Watkins "wed-1". Verb "mouiller", Pop. Lat. *"mollio" `soften bread by moistening it', from "mollis" `soft', PIE "ml̥dwis", root "mel" `soft'. BW. Pokorny 716. Dauzat. Watkins "mel-1". OHG "naz", PG "nataz". Kluge "naß". PCP "pulu". PE. "-id-" deverbative of stative "ūmeo" `be wet', PIE "ugʷsmo-", root "wegʷ" `wet' (some have connected this to "uxor" `wife'). Pokorny 1118. EM "umeo". Walde 248. Watkins "wegʷ-". Cf. "isla-" `to wet'. It is tempting to see this as coming from PIE "kʷid", but the phonetics is obscure. Mann 38. Huld 47. Pokorny 644. OE "hwæt", PG "hwat", PIE "kʷod", root "kʷ" interrog. pron. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 647. Watkins "kʷo-". LAT. BW. OHG "hwaz", PG "hwat", see ENG. Kluge "was". Pokorny 647. PEP "afa", PPN "haa" and probably "hafa", PCEMP "(s)apa", PMP "apa". PE. Blust. PIE interrog. pronoun root "kʷ". Pokorny 644. EM "quis". Walde 519. Watkins "kʷo-". Räsänen 352a. PIE "bhr̥Hg̑", root "bherHg̑" `bright', ext. of "bher". Huld 40. Walde 170*. Pokorny 139. OE "hwīt", PG "hwītaz", PIE "k̑weitos", root PIE "k̑weit" `shine'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 628. Watkins "weit-". Borrowed from a Germanic language, PG "blank-" `shining, pale', PIE root "bhlag" `burn, shine', extension of "bhel" `shine'. Dauzat. BW. Barnhart "blank". Pokorny 125. Watkins "bhel-1". OHG "hwīz", PG "hwītaz", see ENG. Kluge "weiß". PCP "tekoteko". Base "ke`o" means `white, clear'. PE. PIE "albhos", perhaps root "al" with "-bho" suffix. Pokorny 30. EM "albus". Walde 92. Watkins "albho-". Räsänen 12b. PIE "kʷu", root interrog. "kʷ". This could be same root as in `what'. The "-sh" is secondary. Pokorny 647. Mann 122. Huld 84. OE "hwā", PG "hwaz", PIE "kʷos", root "kʷ", interr. pron. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 647. Watkins "kʷo-". Pop. Lat. "quī", same base as LAT "quis", q.v. BW. PG "hwiz", PIE "kʷis", root "kʷ", interr. pron. Pokorny 647. Kluge "wer". PPN "hai", PMP "sai". PE. Blust. PIE "kʷis", root "kʷ", interr. pron. Räsänen 271a. Best guess is a PIE "sHn-" `send away'. Pokorny 889. Janson 28. Huld 68. Walde 463*. OE "wīd", PG "wīdaz", PIE "wītos", from "wi-" `apart' + "itos" `gone' (root "i" as in "year"). Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 294. Watkins "wi-". Rebuilt from fem. of Lat. "largus" `generous', perhaps *"laiesagos", from PIE root "lai" `fat'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 652. EM "largus". Barnhart. OHG "wīt", PG "wīdaz", see ENG. Kluge "weit". Pokorny 294. PE. PIE "stl̥H₂tos", root "stelH₂" `spread'. Pokorny 652. EM "latus". Walde 643*. Watkins "stelə-". Also "gen". Räsänen 253a. Same word as `woman'. PIE "g̑raH₂u-", like Greek "graûs" `old woman', root "g̑erH₂" `to age'. Mann 28, 69, 85, 99. Huld 66. Pokorny 473, 390. OE "wīf", PG "wīban". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Same word as `woman'. Lat. "fēmina" `female', from `nursing', "-meno-" participle of PIE root "dheH₁" `suck'. BW. Pokorny 652. EM "fecundus". Watkins "dhē(i)-". "Gatte" `husband' + suffix "-in", feminine. PIE root "ghedh" `unite'. Pokorny 423. Kluge. Same word as `woman'. PCP "wafine", PPN "fafine" `woman'; replaces POc "qasawa" `spouse'. PE. Blust. Suffixal "-sor" as in "soror" `sister'; root may be "euk" `be accustomed' or "wegʷ" `wet' as in "umidus". Pokorny 1118. EM "uxor". Walde 250. Watkins "euk-". Loan from Lat. "aer", from Greek "aḗr", PIE "aH₂wer-", perhaps connected to root "H₂wer" `raise'. EM "aer". Pokorny 82, 1150. Mann 91. Huld 62. Watkins "wer-2". OE "wind", PG "windaz", PIE "wēntos", pres. part. of root "H₂weH₁" `blow'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 82. Watkins "wē-". LAT "ventus". BW. OHG "wint", PG "windaz", see ENG. Pokorny 82. Kluge "Wind". PPN "ma-tangi", POc "jaŋi". PE. Ross. PIE "H₂weH₁ntos", see ENG. EM "uentus". Walde 220. Watkins "wē-". Loan from Persian "rūzgār", `era, wind, day'; perhaps from "rūz" `day'. Räsänen 390b. Steingass 593, 592b. Appears related to the word for `fly'. Çabej considers this a motivated, expressive formation. Çabej 196. Not in Janson, Mann, Huld. ME "wenge", borrowed from ON "vængr", pl. of "vængr", perhaps PG "wē-ingjaz", from PIE root "H₂weH₁" `raise'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "wē-". LAT "ala". BW. Derived from "fliegen", `fly', OHG "fliogan", PG "fleugan", PIE "pleuk-", PIE "pleu-" `flow', possibly from root "pel(H)" `fill, pour'. Pokorny 835. Kluge "fliegen", "Flügel". PCP "ke(e)feu" or "ke(e)seu". PE. PIE "ak̑slaH₂-", root "ak̑s" `axis'. Some have connected to "ag̑" `drive', as in `think'. Pokorny 4. EM "ala". Walde 37. Watkins "aks-". Räsänen 230b. Mann derives from an "apo-ksūny-" (root "kes" `scratch'), Pokorny from root "bhes" `rub away'. Mann 147. Pokorny 146. Not in Huld, Janson. OE "wīpian", PG "wīpjan", PIE root "weib". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1132. Watkins "weip-". Lat. "exsūco" `express juice', "ex-" `out from' + "sūcus" `juice', PIE root "seuH" `take liquid'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 913. Watkins "seuə-2". PG "wiska-", PIE "weis" `turn'. Kluge "Wisch". Pokorny 1133. OED "whisk". From Eng. "towel", OF "toaille", PWG "þwahljō", from "þwahan" `wash'. PE. OED. May be an extension of "tero" `rub', PIE root "terH₁". Pokorny 1071. EM "tergeo". Walde 732. Räsänen 421b. From a PIE "mōt", approximately source of GER "mit". Huld 91. Mann 207. OE "wið" `against', PG "wiþer", PIE "wi-" `apart' + comp. suffix "-tero-". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1177. Watkins "wi-". OF "avuec", Pop. Lat. "ab hoc" `thence', Lat. "ab" `from', PIE "apo". BW. Pokorny 53. Watkins "apo-". OHG "mit", PG "medi", PIE root "medh" `middle', from "me". Kluge "mit". Pokorny 702. PCP "me". PE. Earlier "com"; prefix is "com" and "co". PIE "kom", "ko". Pokorny 612. EM "cum". Walde 458. Watkins "kom". From "birle" `unite'. Räsänen 171a. Also `wife'. PIE "g̑raH₂u-", like Greek "graûs" `old woman', root "g̑erH₂" `to age'. Mann 28, 69, 85, 99. Huld 66. Pokorny 473, 390. OE "wīfman", from "wīf" `woman' + "man" `human'. Skeat. OED. Also used for `wife'. Lat. "fēmina" `female', from `nursing', "-meno-" participle of PIE root "dheH₁" `suck'. BW. Pokorny 652. EM "fecundus". Watkins "dhē(i)-". OHG "frouwa" `lady', PG "frōwō-", PIE "prōwo-", root "per". Pokorny 810. Kluge "Frau". Watkins "per-1". Same word as `wife.' PCP "wafine", PPN "fafine", POc "(pa)pine", PCEMP "bai, (ba)b-in-ay", PMP "bahi, (ba)b-in-ahi". Commonly "-hine" in kinship terms, so the "wa-" is reduplicative. PE. Blust. Perhaps PIE "mel" `grind'. Pokorny 716. EM "mulier". Walde 285*. From `lady', from `wife of the khan', from Sgd. "xwātūn" `queen', from "xwātāw" `king'. Räsänen 157a. Loan from Pop. Lat. *"padūlem" `swamp', Class. "palūdem", nom. "palūs"; PIE "plHoud", from "pelH-eu". The root "pelH" may be the `fill' word or the `flow' word, and indeed the two roots may be the same. Mann 31. Huld 105. EM "palūs". Pokorny 799, 835. OE "wudu", from "widu", PG "widuz", PIE "widhus" `tree', perhaps from "weidh" `divide'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1177. Watkins "widhu-". Borrowed from Germanic, cf. Eng. "bush". For root, cf. "boisage". Dauzat. BW. Barnhart. OHG "wald", PG "walþuz", PIE "welt" `wild', root perhaps "wel" `hair'. Pokorny 1139. Kluge "Wald". Watkins "welt-". `Group' (PPN "`ulu") + `tree'. PE. Walde 507*. Räsänen 365b. PIE "kʷr̥mi-" `worm'. The initial consonant does not match with the Germanic and Lat. forms, but the parallel is so close there must be some kind of (analogical?) connection. Huld 82. Mann 36. Pokorny 649. EM "uermis". Walde 523. Not in Janson. OE "wyrm", PG "wurmiz", PIE "wr̥mis", root "wer" `turn'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 1152. Watkins "wer-3". LAT "vermis". BW. OHG "wurm", PG "wurmiz", PIE "wr̥mis", root "wer" `turn'. Kluge "Wurm". Pokorny 1152. PPN "toke". PE. PIE "wr̥mis", root "wer" `turn'. Pokorny 1152. EM "uermis". Walde 270. Watkins "wer-3". Probably a native word, but influenced by Arm. /soƚun/ `creeping thing'. Räsänen 425b. Dankoff, p. 168. PIE "wetes", root "wet" `year'. Huld 129. Pokorny 1175. Mann 96. Angl. OE "gēr", PG "jǣram", PIE "yērom", base "yēr", possibly root "ei" `go'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 297. Watkins "yēr-". Extension (perhaps already Pop. Lat. "annata") on LAT "annus". PIE root "at". BW. OHG "jār", PG "jǣram", see ENG. Kluge "Jahr". Pokorny 297. PEP "matafiti" or "matasiti". Could this be a compound of "maka" `eye, beginning' + "hiki" `celestial direction'? PE. PIE "atnos", root "at" `go, year'. Pokorny 69. EM "annus". Walde 41. Watkins "at-". Loan from Arabic. Stachowski, v. 3, p. 70. Wehr 505a. Loan from Lat. "viridis", q.v. under `green'. PIE root possibly "weis". Mann 110. Huld 84. OE "geolo", PG "gelwaz", PIE "g̑helwo-", root "g̑hel". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 429. Watkins "ghel-2". Lat. "galbinus" `pale green', from "galbus". That itself appears late, may be from PIE "g̑hel-". Pokorny 429. EM "galbus". Huld 84. Dauzat. OHG "gelo", PG "gelwaz", PIE "g̑helwo", root "g̑hel". Pokorny 429. Base "mele" also means `yellow'. PE. PIE "bhlēwos" `blue, yellow', ext. of "bhel" `shining'. Or possibly connected with "flos" `flower'. Pokorny 160. EM "flauus". Walde 212*. Watkins "bhel-1". Räsänen 403b. plural PIE "wes", same root as LAT, but not as ENG. Mann 36. Huld 78. Walde 209. Pokorny 514. Same as `thou'. OE "ēow" (obl.), PG "iuwiz", PIE oblique "yu". Skeat. OED. Pokorny 514. Watkins "yu-1". LAT "vos", unstressed, see LAT. BW. OHG "ir", PWG "jiz", PIE oblique "yu", but with the vowel crossed with that of "wir" `we'. Kluge "ihr". Pokorny 514. "-kou" is plural suffix. Probably connected to singular "`oe". PE. PIE "wō̆s", root "we". Pokorny 514. EM "uos". Walde 209. Watkins "wō̆s". Plural inflexion of "sen" `thou'; cf. "ben:biz" `I:we'. Räsänen 424b.