]> plural, e.g.: All Cretans are liars Meyer suggested a loan from Kurdish, but generally considered PIE "sem-k̑o-", root "sem" `one'. Huld 69. Mann 109. Walde 489*. Pokorny 903. PG "alla-", PIE root "al-". Walde 90. Pokorny 25. Kluge "all". Watkins "al-5". Pop. Lat. "tottus" for Classical "tōtus", replacing the unrelated "omnis". PIE "tēu-" `swell'. Pokorny 1080. BW. PG "alla-", PIE root "al-". Walde 90, Pokorny 25, Kluge "all", Watkins "al-5". Since "a-" is a common prefix, perhaps etymologically connected with "pau" (PNP "pau"), which can share the meaning `completely'. PE. Best guess is *"opnis", PIE root "op" `work'. EM. Sihler 43. Walde 123. Pokorny 780. Watkins "op-1". Räsänen derives from "büt" `finish, be complete'. Räsänen 93b. Generally considered a loan from LAT, but possibly native, perhaps cognate. Mann 209, Huld 60. Not in Pokorny. Cognate with GER "und". The two main theories are that these words are related to Lat. "ante", PIE "H₂anti" `facing'; and that they connect with "en" `in'. OED. Skeat. Walde 67. Pokorny 50. Kluge "und". Watkins "en". From LAT "et". BW. PIE "H₂anti" `facing' or "en" `in'. Skeat. Walde 67. Pokorny 50. Kluge "und". Watkins "en". PCP "a". PE. PIE "eti" `beyond'. EM. Sihler 441. Pokorny 344. Watkins "eti". Loan from Arabic "wa". Not in Räsänen. Wehr 1224. Also means `thing', and is a loan from Lat. "causa", which has no known cognates. Mann 2. Huld 79 (citing also Meyer, Haarmann). EM "causa". Not in Pokorny. Loan from LAT. Skeat. Loan from LAT (native development of "animalia" was "aumaille"). BW. PG "deuza-", PIE "dhewes", PIE "dheu-" `fly about'. Pokorny 261. Kluge. Root is "holo" `run', from PPN "solo". PE. Nominalization of adj. "animālis", from "anima", PIE "H₂anH₁-" `breathe'. Sihler 46. Walde 56. Pokorny 38. Watkins "anə-". Via Persian from Arabic "ḥaywān", root `alive'. Räsänen 153a. Wehr 257. PAlb "hin-", possibly cognate to the LAT "cinis" as "sk̑ino-", though there are problems. Huld 74. Walde 392. PG "H₂ask-" or "H₂azg-", velar extension of PIE "H₂as-" `hearth', from `burn'. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 69. Kluge "Asche". Watkins "as-". LAT "cinerem". BW. PG "H₂ask-" or "H₂azg-", as ENG. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 69. Kluge "Asche". Watkins "as-". PPN "refu". Cf. POc. "qapu". PE. Blust. Best guess for PIE root is "ken" `scratch', possibly "sk̑in" if ALB ties in. Sihler 37. Walde 392, Pokorny 560. EM. Watkins "keni-". Räsänen 307b. `In, on, at'; source perhaps PIE "endo". Mann 207. Huld 97 (citing Meyer, Tagliavini, Jokl, Rosetti). PIE "H₂ad" `to, at'. Skeat. Walde 45. Pokorny 3. OED. Sihler 441. Watkins "ad-". From LAT. BW. PG "ana", extension of "an". Pokorny suggests a connection to "nahe" `near'. Walde 58. Pokorny 39. Kluge. Watkins "an-1". PCP "ma". PE. PIE "H₂ad". Pokorny 3. EM. Loan from Lat. "spīna" `thorn, backbone', from PIE "spei-nā-", root "spei". Not in Mann, Huld. Çabej 131. Janson 113. EM "spīna". Pokorny 981. Watkins "spei-". PG "bakom". Skeat. OED. Not in Pokorny. Pop. Lat. "dossum", Class. "dorsum". I assume "-so-" is a suffix. BW. Not in Pokorny. EM 184. Watkins [dorsum]. From PG "hrugjaz", PIE "kreuk-", extension of "(s)ker", `turn'. Kluge. Pokorny 938. Watkins "sker". PPN "tu`a". POc word is "muri". PE. There is no certain etymology beyond Latin, but one guess is a PIE "(s)terg" `stretch', root "(s)ter" `stiff'. Tucker further suggests a connection with "terra", but that's very dubious. Walde 629*. Pokorny 1023. Räsänen 26a. Generally believed to be a loan from Greek "kakos", although this isn't clear; it could be native. Either way, it sounds like a common nursery word, /kaka/. Mann 112. Huld 79. Walde 336. OED, Skeat. Pop. Lat. "malifātius" `ill-fated'. The first element is descendant of LAT "malus". BW. PG "slihta-" `level, smooth' (Eng. "slight"), base "slik-". Generally referred to "(s)lei-" `slip, slimy'. "Leip" `fat', basis of "Leber", "liver", may be a "-p-" extension. Walde 391*. Pokorny 504. Kluge. PNP "kino". PE. FRE "mau(vais)". PIE root "mel" `bad', conceivably "(s)mēlo-" `small animal'. Walde 291*, 296*. Pokorny 724. EM. Watkins "mel-5", "mēlo-". Not in Räsänen. Dankoff, p. 163: may be a loan from Arm. /godi/. of tree Kiçi. Not in Drizari, Kacori. From ON "bark-", PG "barkuz". OED. Skeat. LAT "scortea", from "scortum" `hide', PIE "skere-t-", from "(s)ker-" `cut'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 941. PWG "rendōn". Perhaps a PIE root "rendh" `tear'. Pokorny 865. OED "rind". Also `skin'. PPN "kili". PE. PIE "kr̥t" or "kort", extension of PIE root "(s)ker" `cut'. Walde 578*. EM. Pokorny 941. Watkins "sker-1". From "Kāp" `cover'. Räsänen 234b. I.e., "se për se". "Për" `for, by, because of', PIE "per". Pokorny 810. Mann 122, 210. Huld 110. Walde 520. "Be-" is native, "-cause" is from French (cf. Alb. `animal'). Skeat. "Par" from Lat. "per", PIE "per". BW. Pokorny 810. Watkins "per-1". OHG "dia wīla so", PG "hwīlō", PIE "kʷeiH" `be quiet'. Kluge. Pokorny 638. Watkins "kʷeiə-2". "Mea" (PPN "me`a") means `thing' or `cause' and is the core of most explicit expressions for `because'. PE. Acc. neut. of "quī", relative developed from the interrogative/indefinites, PIE "kʷ". Sihler 399. Pokorny 644. EM. Watkins "kʷo-". From "için" `because of', from "iç" `inside'. Räsänen 121b. Generally referred to PIE "bher" `carry'. Huld 40. Walde 154*. Pokorny 129. OE "belg", PG "balgiz" `bag', from PIE "bhelg̑h-" `swell', an extension of "bhel-" `inflate', whence also perhaps "blow". Pokorny 121, 126. OED. Skeat. Watkins "bhelgh-". From LAT. Dauzat. OHG "būh", PG "būka-", PIE "bhū-" `inflate'. Onomatopoetic for sound of blowing. Pokorny 98. Kluge. PPN "koopuu". POc word is "tian". PE. Blust. Possibly "wen-tri" is a tabu deformation of "udero-". EM. Walde 191. Pokorny 1105. Watkins "udero-". Räsänen 238a. PAlb "mað", PIE "mag̑yo-", root "mag̑-". Mann 111. Huld 88. Walde 257. Pokorny 708. Sometimes referred to ON, but this is just because it wasn't attested in pre-Viking texts. An idea that it is related to Ger. "Bauch" `belly' (i.e., `inflated') is not widely accepted. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 100. Lat. "grandis", PIE "gʷrendh-" `swell'. BW. Pokorny 485. OHG "grōz", PWG "grautaz" `coarse', PG "greuta-" `grate', PIE root "ghrēu-" `grate', extension of "gher" `scrape'. Kluge. Pokorny 460. Watkins "ghrēu". PNP "nui". PE. PIE "mag̑nos", root "mag̑-". Tucker perceives a pre-PIE etymon "ma-" `big' here and in many other words such as "mare" `sea', "maritus" `husband', but that seems fanciful. Pokorny 708. EM. Sihler 99. Walde 258*. Watkins "meg-". PAlb "zog". Many guesses as to IE etymology (Pokorny lists "g̑hāgʷh-"), but may well be a loan. Mann 35. Huld 135. Walde 531. Pokorny 409. Skeat. Pokorny 132. OED. Lat. *"aucellus" from *"avicellus", diminutive of LAT "avis", PIE "H₂awis". Dauzat. BW. OHG "fogal", PG "fugla-". This is often referred to "flug-" `fly, feather', with a misbehaving /l/ (PIE "pleuk", from "pleu" `flow', itself perhaps from "pelH" `fill'); but could also be a PIE "pu" `young, small'. Pokorny 835, 843. Kluge. OED "fowl". Watkins "pleu-", "pau-". PPN "manu", PMP "manuk". PE. Blust. PIE "H₂awi-". Sihler 44. Pokorny 86. Walde 32. EM. Watkins "awi-". Räsänen 305a. Drizari: "kafshój" `I bite'. Not in Walde. OE, PG "bītan", PIE "bheid-" `split', perhaps from "bheiH-" `hit'. Skeat. OED. Kluge "beißen". Pokorny 116. Watkins "bheid-". Pop. Lat. *"morde-", Class. LAT "mordē-". BW. OHG "bīz(z)an", PG "bītan", PIE "bheid-" `split', root perhaps "bheiH-" `hit'. OED. Kluge "beißen". Pokorny 116. PE. Iterative suffix PIE "-éye/o" on PIE stem "merd-", possibly extension to root "merH" `rub raw'. Pokorny 737. Sihler 504. Walde 279*. EM. Watkins "mer-2". Räsänen 162a. Fem. "zezë". Pre-PAlb stem "zɪd-". PIE root approximately "gʷidh-" . Mann 110. Huld 134. Walde 696. Pokorny 485. OE "blæc", PG "blakko-", presumably from "blak-no-" `burnt', PIE stem "bhleg-" `burn, shine', from "bhel-" `shine'. Pokorny 124. Walde 215*. OED. Skeat. Watkins "bhel-1". Lat. "niger". Watkins sees a root "negʷ". Dauzat. BW. EM "niger". Not in Pokorny. Watkins "negʷ-ro-". OHG "swarz", PWG "swartaz", PIE "swordos". Watkins "swordo-". PPN "kelekele". Reduplicative. PE. Mostly belongs to the written language (but Fre. "airelle"), contrast "niger". Perhaps PIE "ātr" `fire' (i.e., `burnt black'). Walde 42. Pokorny 69. EM. Watkins "āter-". Räsänen 235a. PIE "sokʷos" `juice'. Mann 37. Huld 67. Walde 515*, 468*. Pokorny 1044. OE "blōd", PG "blōdam". Best guess is PIE "bhel-" `swell, flow'. Skeat. OED. Kluge "Blut". Pokorny 122. LAT "sanguen". For /g/ cf. "sanglant". BW. OHG "bluot", PG "blōdam"; see ENG. PPN "toto". /ko/ itself isn't a legal word, but I'll treat as reduplicative anyway, to be safe. PE. EM. Sihler 291. Walde 162. Räsänen 230a. Same morpheme as `breathe'. Çabej suggested onomatopoetic. Mann 38. Huld 65. Not in Pokorny. OE "blāwan", PG "blǣwan", PIE "bhleH₁", prob. from root "bhel" `blow up, swell'. Pokorny 121. OED. Kluge "blasen, blähen, Blatt". Walde 177*. Skeat. Watkins "bhlē-2". 12th c. derivation from "vent" `wind'. BW. OHG "blāsan", PG "blǣsan", PIE "bhleH", from "bhel" `blow up, swell'. Pokorny 121. OED. Kluge "blasen, blähen, Blatt". Walde 177*. Skeat. PPN "pusi", POc "pusi". This sounds like onomatopoeia. PE. Ross. PIE "bhlā-", variant of "bhleH₂-", probably extension of root "bhel-". Perhaps there is a connection with the homonymous root `bloom'. Onomatopoeia? Tucker. Sihler 529. Walde 179*. EM. Pokorny 121. Watkins "bhlē-". Räsänen 49b. Ringe 1993: /kockə/. Drizari: "koskë, eshtra". OE "bān", PG "bainam". Skeat. OED. Kluge "Bein". EM "os". LAT "ossum", a less standard form than "os". BW. MHG "knoche". No clear etymology; guesses have been `knee' (qv) and a PIE "gen-" `press together' (Pokorny). Perhaps (Kluge) onomatopoeia for cracking one's joints (cf. Ger. "knacken" `crack', Eng. "knock"). Walde 582. Kluge. Pokorny 370. PPN "iwi". PIE "ost-". Tucker. Sihler 319. Walde 186. Pokorny 783. Watkins "ost-". Räsänen 251a. woman's Mann compares to Lat. "sinus". Not in Walde. Mann 92. OE "brēost", PG "breustam", "brusts", PIE "bhreus" `swell', perhaps ext. of "bhreu" `boil'. Some connect to "breathe", "burn", qq.v. Pokorny 171. Skeat. Kluge "Brust". Watkins "breus-1". Lat. "sinus", orig. a fold in the garment where mothers carried their babies. No further etymology, although Mann compares to ALB. Dauzat. BW. EM "sinus". OHG "brust", PG "brusts", see ENG. PPN "huhu", POc, PMP "susu". Perhaps a nursery word. PE. Blust. Earlier generations attempted to derive from some such root as "mad" + "-ma", but it seems clear now that this is purely nursery talk, also means `mother', and is same stem as in "mater", hypocoristic gemination. Tucker. Sihler 224. Walde 221*, 232*. EM. Pokorny 694. `Teat, nipple, udder, breast'. This seems a nursery word. Räsänen 333b. `He takes breath.' Distinctive part is "frymë" `breath'. Some have attempted to connect to LAT. OE "brǣþ" `odour', PG "brǣþaz". Pokorny has a PIE "bher-", which has extension "bhreus" `swell', as in "breast". Kluge, Watkins prefer PIE "gʷhreH" `smell', extension of "gʷher" `heat'? Kluge "Brodem". OE. Pokorny 132. Skeat. Watkins "gʷhrē-". Loan from LAT "respiro". BW. Noun "Atem", from OHG "ātum", PWG "ǣð(u)ma-", PIE "ētmó-" `breath', root "ēt". Kluge. Pokorny 345. Watkins "ētmen-". PPN "fangu". PE. Onomatopoeia? Pokorny sees a PIE "(s)peis" `blow'; possibly connected to ALB. EM. Walde 11*. Pokorny 796. Watkins "[spīrāre]". `To take ("almak") breath ("nefes")', the latter Arabic /nafas/, root /nfs/ `precious'. Stachowski, v. 3, p. 18. Wehr 1155. intransitive "Digjet" is reflexive; base transitive is "djeg" (both numbers). PA "djeg-", earlier "dɛg-", PIE "dhegʷh-" `burn'. Drizari. Kacori 256. Huld 53. Mann 154. Pokorny 240, 7. OE "brinnan", PG "brinnan". Probably nasal extension of "gʷher" `heat' (Kluge). But possibly tied in with PIE "bher" `boil'. Pokorny 144, 132, 170. Walde 167*. Skeat. Kluge "brennen". Watkins "gʷher". Appears to be a crossing of OF "usler" (Lat. "ustulare", from "uro", PIE "eus") with OF "bruir" (Frankish "brōjan", close to Ger. "brühen" `brew', MHG `burn', PIE ultimately "bher" `boil'). Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 348. EM "uro". OHG "brennan", PG "brinnan". See ENG. PNP "kaa", from PPN "kakaha". Replaces POc "tunu". This sounds rather like a cry of pain; motivated? PE. Blust. Extension of "āreo" `be dry'. EM "areo". Tucker. Pokorny 68. Lubotsky, p. 59. Watkins "as-". Root is "ya", cf. "jak" `kindle'. Räsänen 184b. Loan from Lat. "familia", from "famulus" `domestic servant', derived from a "fam-" not elsewhere attested, but perhaps from "dheH" `put'. EM "famulus". Huld 10. Janson 116. Pokorny 238. OE "cild", PG "kilþam". Uncertain, one theory has PIE "gelt-" `pregnant belly' from "gel" `ball'. Pokorny 358. OED. Walde 614. Skeat. From Lat. "infantem", "in-" `not' + "fa" `speak' (PIE "bhaH") + "nt" pres. part. BW. EM "infans", "for". Pokorny 105. Watkins "bhā-2". OHG "kind", PG "kinþa-". Probably "to"-participle of PIE "g̑enH" `be born'. Kluge. Pokorny 373. Walde 576. Watkins "genə". PCP "taiti", from "ta(ma)" `child' + "ʔiti" `small'. Is the "ta" at some point the same element as in "kāne" and "kanaka", i.e., `person'? PE. Marck. PIE "pu-", "pau-" `small'. Tucker. Walde 76*. Pokorny 843. Watkins "pau-". Räsänen 113a. `Finger-, toe-nail, claw'. PAlb "θua, θoNi", earlier "θonC-." Approx. PIE "k̑eH₁n(T)s". Huld 120. Mann 44. OE "clawu" (influenced by the verb), PG "klǣwō". Perhaps PIE "gel". Skeat. Kluge "Klaue". Walde 618. Pokorny 361. Watkins "gel-1e ". Most direct interpretation is that it is a loan from post-OHG-cons-shift Frankish *"grif", PG "grip-", PIE "ghreib-" `grip'. BW. Watkins "ghreib-". OHG "klāwa", PG "klǣwō", see ENG. Kluge "Klaue". Walde 618. Pokorny 361. PCP "mitikao". PE. PIE "H₃nogʷh-" `nail, hoof'. Sihler 86, 97. Walde 180. Pokorny 780. Watkins "nogh-". `Fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof'. Räsänen 479a. PAlb "ren", pl. "ran". Meyer equated with Ger. "Rauch" `smoke' (PIE "reug"), Huld with Lat. "ros" `dew'. Huld 107. Walde 357*. Pokorny 872. OE "clūd" `rock', PG "klūdaz", PIE "glūto-", root "gel" `ball'. OED. Pokorny 357. Skeat. Walde 618. Watkins "gel-". Archaic "nue", Pop. Lat. "nūba", for Class. "nūbēs". Dauzat. BW. OHG "wolcan", PG "wulkna-", PIE "wl̥g", root "welg". Kluge "Wolke". Pokorny 1145. PPN "`ao", POc "qaRoq". PE. Ross. PIE "sneudh" `fog'; some have connected to "snaH" `flow' (Lat. "no" `swim'). Pokorny 978. Walde 697*. EM. Watkins "sneudh-". From "bulğa" `to cloud, darken'. Räsänen 88b, 88a. PAlb "ftohëtë", adj. form of "ftoh" `I chill'. "F-" is privative, root is PIE "tep" of Lat. "tepeo". Mann 160. Pokorny 1070. Huld 65. Walde 719. Watkins "tep-". Angl. OE "cald", PG "kaldaz", "-to-" part. to PIE root "gel". OED. Walde 622. Pokorny 365. Skeat. Watkins "gel-3". Pop. Lat. "frĭgidus", Class. LAT "frīgidus". BW. OHG "kalt", PG "kaldaz", see ENG. Kluge "kalt". PCP "anu". "Frīgeo" `be cold', PIE stative stem "srigeH₁", root "srīg". Pokorny 1004. EM "frigus". Sihler 497, 214. Walde 705*. Watkins "srīg-". From "soğu", `become cold'. Räsänen 425a. Loan from Lat. "venit". Mann 163, Huld 129. OE "cuman", PG "kuman", PIE root "gʷem". Skeat. Walde 675. OED. Pokorny 463. Watkins "gʷā-". LAT. BW. OHG "kuman", PG "kuman", see ENG. Kluge "kommen". Same as `go', but with `hither' particle (POc "ma(R)i", PMP "um-aRi" `come') added. PCP "sele", PPN "sa`ele". PE. Blust. PIE "gʷm̥-ye/o-", see ENG. Sihler 96, 503. EM "venio". Räsänen 248b. Not in Mann, Huld, Janson. I assume from Lat. "numerare", viz., noun "numër". Kiçi. OF "conter", see FRE. Skeat. OED. Spelling variant of "conte". Lat. "computo", prefix "com-" `with, together' + Lat. root "put" `think', orig. `prune', PIE "pu-to-", participle of "pēu" `strike'. Note no part of the original root "pu-" survives. OED. BW. Pokorny 827. EM "puto". Watkins "peu-". OHG "zellen", PG "talja", PIE "del" `(re)count'. Orig. vowel visible in "Zahl" `number'. Pokorny 193. Kluge "zählen". Watkins "del-2". PE. "Numerus" `number', PIE "nomeso-", root "nem" `assign, take'. Sihler 43, 70. Walde 331. Pokorny 763. EM "numerus". Watkins "nem-". Räsänen 390a. PIE "per" `hit'. Huld 105. Pokorny 819. Walde 42*. Watkins "per-5". Prob. ME borrowing from Scand., cf. dial. Swed. "kuta", "kata" `cut'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Noun "coup", Pop. Lat. "colpus", "colaphus" `punch', Greek "kólaphos" `a blow', PIE "kolH₁bho-", root "kelH" `strike'. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 545. Watkins "kel-1". OHG "snīdan", PG "sneiþa", PIE root "sneit" `cut'. Pokorny 974. Kluge "schneiden". Walde 695*. Watkins "sneit-". Possibly a `transitive' "-i". PPN "koti". PE. PIE "skei-" `cut', root "sek" `cut'. EM "seco". Pokorny 895. Walde 474. BW "couper". Watkins "skei-". Räsänen 257b. Possibly PIE "dei" `shine', but more likely a PIE "diHti" `period of time', root "diH" `divide'. Pokorny 175. Mann 77. Huld 52. Janson 182. Walde 774*. Watkins "deiw-", "dā-". OE "dæg", PG "dagaz". Not connected to Lat. "dies". PIE "dhogʷh" `burn', root "dhegʷh-", crossed with PIE "ag̑her" `day', root "ag̑h". Skeat. Walde 849. OED. Pokorny 7, 240. Watkins "dhegʷh-". "agh-1". Earlier "jorn", Pop. Lat. "diurnus", adj. (infl. by "nocturnus") of Class. LAT "dies". BW. EM "dies". OHG "tag", PG "dagaz", see ENG. Kluge "Tag". `Sun, day'. PPN "la`aa". PE. PIE "dyews" (crossed with "divus", etc.), root "dyeu" `shine bright'. EM "dies". Pokorny 184. Sihler 338. Walde 773. Watkins "deiw-". Räsänen 309a. Huld relates to "ndjek" `chase', and derives from a "H₂aw(o)-tokʷ-ey-", root "tekʷ" `run'. Huld 124. Mann 165. Kacori 247. ME "degen"; its absence in OE suggests it is a loan from ON "deyja", PIE root "dheu". Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 260. Watkins "dheu-3". Pop. Lat. "morire", Class. LAT "mori". Dauzat. BW. OHG "sterban", PG "sterban", PIE root "(s)ter" `stiff'. Kluge "sterben". Pokorny 1022. Walde 632*. "Make" by itself also means `die'; "loa" is intensive. PPN, POc "mate", PMP "matay". PE. Blust. PIE "mr̥ye" (durative thematic), root "mer" `die'. Perhaps derived from "merH" `be rubbed out'. Pokorny 735. EM "morior". Sihler 503. Walde 276. Räsänen 371a. Kiçi & Aliko (1969). Not in Mann, Huld, Janson. Likely a loan ultimately from Dutch, perhaps via Fre. "digue" `trench'. PIE root "dheiHgʷ" `stick'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 244. Watkins "dhīgʷ-". Noun "creux", *"crosus", unknown, prob. Celtic. BW. Dauzat. OHG "graban", PG "graban", PIE "ghrebh" `dig, scratch', perhaps from "ghrebh" `seize'. Pokorny 455. Kluge "graben". Watkins "ghrebh-2". PPN, PCEMP "keli", PMP "kali". PE. Blust. Trans. used as `stab'. PIE "bhodh-ye" (for expected "bhedhye"), root "bhedh" `stab'. Pokorny 113. EM "fodio". Sihler 121, 536. Watkins "bhedh-". Räsänen 243a. Jokl derives "ndynj" `I am dirty' from PIE "dhūgnyō", with prefix "n(ə)-". Janson 86. Not in Mann, Huld. From "dirt", earlier "drit". Absence in OE suggests loan from ON "drit" `excrement', verb "drītan", PG "drītanan", PIE "dhreid", ext. of root "dher". Barnhart. Pokorny 56. Borrowed from Frankish "salo", PG "salwa", PIE "sal" `dirty grey'. Dauzat. BW. Watkins "sal-2". Verb "smutzen" `stain', PIE root "meu" `moist'. Kluge "Schmutz". Pokorny "(1)meu". Walde 251*. `Dirt, earth; dirty'. PEP "lepo". PE. "Sordes" `dirt', PIE "sword". EM "sordes". Pokorny 1052. Walde 535*. Watkins "swordo-". Loan from Persian "pīs". Räsänen 385b. Steingass "pys". Loan from LAT. Mann 98. Huld 107. Found once in OE ("docga"), but no further etymology known. Apparently native. OED. Barngart. Fem. is /ʃjɛn/. LAT. Dauzat. OHG "hunt", PG "hundaz", PIE "k̑wn̥tos", extension of PIE "k̑won". Kluge "Hund". Pokorny 633. Walde 466. Watkins "kwon". PPN "kulii", Tuamotu "kurio". PE. PIE root "k̑won", vowel unclear (as if from *"k̑an-i"); perhaps crossed with "cano" `sing'. EM "canes". Pokorny 633. Walde 351, 466. Watkins "kwon". Räsänen 291b. PAlb "pi", PIE zero-grade "piH₃", root "poH₃i". Pokorny 840. Mann 170. Huld 103. Walde 71*. Watkins "pō(i)-". OED "drincan", PG "drinkan". Possibly from PIE "dhreg̑" `pull'. Barnhart. Walde 874. Skeat. Pokorny 273, 1089. Kluge "trinken". Watkins "dhreg-". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "trincan", PG "drinkan", see ENG. Passive stem is "inuh-". PPN "inu", POc, PMP "inum". PE. EP, p. 84. Blust. Assim. form of *"pibo", redupl. PIE stem "pi-pH₃-", root "poH₃(i)". Sihler 496. Pokorny 840. EM "bibo". Walde 71*. Watkins "pō(i)-". Räsänen 168b. PAlb. "θatë", adj. suffix "-të" to "θa" ("thaj" `I dry'), prob. PIE "sausni", root "saus" `dry'. Mann 75. Pokorny 881. Huld 117. Walde 447*. OE "drȳge", PG "drūgiz". Possibly PIE "dhreugh" `tremble', root "dher" `hold'. Pokorny 255, 275. Skeat. Walde 860. OED. Barnhart. Kluge "trocken". Watkins "[dreug-]". LAT. BW. Dauzat. OHG "truckan", PG "drūgiz", see ENG. Kluge "trocken". "Ma-" could be stative prefix here. Cf PMP "ma-Raŋaw". PE. Blust. Perhaps a PIE root "seikʷ" `pour out'. Another school of thought derives from "sitis" `drought', as *"sitikos". Pokorny 893, 889. EM "siccus". Sihler 200. Walde 506. Watkins "seikʷ". Cf. "kurak" `dry'. Räsänen 302a. "Pa" `without, not' from PIE "apo"; "mprehtë" `sharp', qv. Huld 156. Mann. Pokorny 54. Difficult vowel, perhaps a borrowing from another Low German language. PG root "dwel" `be foolish', PIE "dhwel", root "dheu" `fly about'. OED. Skeat. Pokorny 261. Watkins "dheu-1". Noun "mousse", Pop. Lat. *"muttius", root "mutt". Dauzat. BW. OHG "stumpf", PIE root "step". Pokorny 1012. Kluge "stumpf". PE. "Kū-" may be a stative prefix. EM "hebeo". Walde 349. `Blind, dim, blunt'; loan from Persian "kūr" `blind'. Räsänen 292a. Steingass "kvr". Mann derives from PIE "pleus" `pluck', as Lat. "plūma" (see Fre. `feather'). No better guesses. Mann 50. Pokorny 838. Not in Janson, Huld. OE "dūst", PG "dunstaz", PIE "dhwens", from "dhwes", root "dheu" `fly about'. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Pokorny 268. Watkins "dheu-1". Extension of "pous", from Pop. Lat. "pulvus", Class. LAT "pulvis", PIE root "pel-" `dust, flour'. May be same "pel" as in "pousser" `push': PIE "pel". Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 801. Watkins "pel-1". OHG "stoub". Kluge "Staub". Absence of /ʔ/ in derivatives shows that /ehu/ is the more basic form. PPN "efu". POc, PMP is "qapuk" PE. Blust. "-w-" ext. of "pel" `dust'. Pokorny 802. EM "puluis". Walde 60*. Watkins "pel-1". Same root as "toprak" `earth'. Räsänen 492a. PAlb "veš", earlier "ɑs", PIE "oH₃us" `hear'. Mann 28, 81. Huld 127. Walde 18. Watkins "ous-". OED "ēare", PG "auzan", PIE root "oH₃us". Barnhart. Pokorny 785. OED. Skeat. Watkins "ous-". LAT. "auricula", from "auris". Dauzat. BW. OHG "ōra", PG "auzan", see ENG. Kluge "Ohr". Replaced POc "taliŋa". Blust. Earlier dual *"ausi", root "ōus". Possibly related to "audio" `hear'. Pokorny 785. EM "auris". Walde 18. Watkins "ous-". Räsänen 298b. PAlb "ðee", earlier "ðeCo". Usu. referred to PIE "deg̑hom" `earth', but Huld prefers "dheig̑h" `daub with mud'. Mann 84. Huld 57. Walde 662. Pokorny. OE "eorþe", PG "erþō", PIE root "er" `earth'. Pokorny 332. Skeat. OED. Barnhart. Watkins "er-2". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "erda", PG "erþō", PIE root "er" `earth'. Pokorny 332. Kluge "Erde". OED. Barnhart. Watkins "er-2". PE. PEP "lepo". From *"tersā", PIE root "ters" `dry'. EM "terra". Pokorny 1078. Sihler 504. Walde 738. Watkins "ters-". Same root as "toz" `dust'. Räsänen 492a. PAlb "haa", earlier "haC". There are many guesses (Skt. "khādati", "ghas-", Lat. "avere"), but probably not "ed-". Kacori 242. Mann 169. Huld 72. Walde 119. OE "etan", PG "etan", PIE "H₁ed". Skeat. Pokorny 287. OED. Watkins "ed-". Lat. "manducare", from "mandere" `chew', PIE root "mendh". Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 732. Watkins "mendh-1". OHG "ezzan", PG "etan", PIE "H₁ed". Kluge "essen". Pokorny 287. Watkins "ed-". Possibly a transitive "-i". PPN "kai", POc "kani", PCEMP "kan", PMP "kaen". Blust. PIE "H₁ed" `eat'. EM "edo". Pokorny 287. Sihler 148. Walde 118. Watkins "ed-". Räsänen 194a. Generally "ve". PAlb. "voe, vee", from "veo", from "o(y)om", PIE perhaps "H₃oH₂wyom". Details are unclear, but probably same ult. root as Lat., Eng., Ger. Huld 125. Mann 29. Borrowed from ON "egg", PG "ajjam", PIE "oH₂wyom", see LAT. Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Watkins "awi-". Pop. Lat. "ŏvum", Class. LAT "ōvom". Dauzat. BW. OHG "ei", PG "ajjam", see ENG. Also means `fruit'. PPN "fua". Replaces POc "qatoluR". Blust. PE. PIE "oH₂wyom", based on "H₂awi-" `bird'. Pokorny 784. EM "auis". Sihler 44. Walde 21. Räsänen 211a. Not clear, but most try some sort of derivation from PIE "H₃okʷ". Mann 97. Huld 11. Walde 170. Pokorny 776. OE "ēage", PG "augōn", from PIE "H₃okʷ" `see', possibly influenced by Germanic "auzan" `ear'. Pokorny 776. OED. Watkins "okʷ-". LAT. Dauzat. BW. OHG "ouga", PG "augōn", see ENG. Kluge "Auge". PPN, PMP "mata". Blust. PIE "okʷ-olos", root "H₃okw-" `eye'. Pokorny 776. EM "oculus". Sihler 42. Walde 170. Watkins "okʷ-". Räsänen 295a. `Hit, fall', to be distinguished from `bring'. PAlb "bie", PIE "bher-" `bore, strike'. Pokorny 134. Mann 171. Huld 43. OED "feallan", PG "fallan", PIE "polno", root "pol". Barnhart. Skeat. OED. Pokorny 851. Watkins "p(h)ol-". Earlier `fall backwards', OF "tumer" `dance, tumble', borrowed from Frankish *"tūmon". BW. Dauzat. Barnhart "tumble". OHG "fallan", PG "fallan", see ENG. Kluge "fallen". PPN "singa". PE. PIE "k̑ad" `fall'. Pokorny 516. EM "cado". Walde 339. Watkins "kad-". Räsänen 507b. From Late Latin "large". "Largus" `generous' has no clear etym.; Pokorny connects with "lardum" to a root "lai" `fat'. Mann, p. 199. Pokorny 652. EM. OE "feor(r)", PG "fer(e)ra", comparative of PIE "per". Pokorny 810. OED. Skeat. Barnhart. Watkins "per-1". Lat. "longe". PIE "del". Dauzat. BW. OHG "ferrana", orig. `from afar', from "ferro", PG "fer(e)ra", see ENG. Kluge "fern". PPN "mama`o". Stative or reduplicative "ma-"? PE. First element is PIE "pro" `forwards', root "per". Second element is obscure; cf. "simul". Pokorny 815. EM "procul". Walde 517. Watkins "per-1". For root, cf. "uzun", `long'. Räsänen 518a. Also "baba". Boretzky derives from TUR. Boretzky 19. OE "fæder", PG "fader", PIE "pə₂tḗr", see LAT. The root is probably a nursery word. Skeat. OED. LAT. BW. OHG "fater", PG "fader", see ENG. Kluge "Vater". "Makua" means any relative of the parents' generation. Replaces POc "tama". PPN "matuʔa". Marck. Blust. PIE "pə₂tḗr". Suffix "H₂ter" `kinsman' on nursery word "pa". Pokorny 829. EM "pater". Sihler 99, 118. Walde 4*. Watkins "pəter-". Nursery word. Räsänen 53a. Not in any of the etym. dictionaries. LAT loan? OE "feðer", PG "feðrō", PIE "petrā", root "pet" `fly'. OED. Pokorny 826. Watkins "pet-". Lat. "pluma" `down feathers', PIE "plusma-", root "pleus" `pluck'. Pokorny 838. Dauzat. BW. Watkins "pleus-". OHG "fedara", PG "feðrō", PIE "petrā", see ENG. Kluge "Feder". PPN "fulu", POc "pulu", PMP "bulu". Earlier "pesna", *"petsnaH₂", PIE root "pet" `fly, fall'. Pokorny 826. EM "penna". Sihler 209. Walde 21*. Watkins "pet-". Räsänen 503a. From Lat. "pauci", PIE "pau". Mann 200. Watkins "pau-". OE "fēawe", PG "fawaz", PIE "pau" `small', like LAT "pauci". Pokorny 843. OED. Skeat. Pop. Lat. "paucum", sing. of "pauci", see LAT. BW. OHG "wēnag", PG "wainōn" `cry', PG interjection "wai" `woe!'. Kluge "wenig". Pokorny 1111. Possibly this is derived from `a single row'. Kernel idea would be "kahi" `one', q.v. PIE "pau" `small'. Pokorny 853. EM "pau-". Walde 75*. Räsänen 32b. From Low Lat. "lucta", from "luctor", perhaps PIE "lugto-", root "leug-" `bend'. Pokorny 685. Mann 67. EM "luctor". Watkins "leug-1". OE "feohtan", PG "fehtan", usually referred to PIE "pek̑" `pluck (hair)'. Pokorny 828, 797. OED. Barnhart. Skeat. Watkins "pek-2". "Se battre". Pop. Lat. "battere", from "battuere", of unknown origin, perhaps a loan from Celtic or Germanic. Dauzat. EM "battuo". Watkins "[battuere]". From OHG "kampf", loan from Lat. "campus" `field'. Perhaps PIE "kamp" `bend', hence `corner'. Kluge "Kampf". EM "campus". Pokorny 525. Watkins "kamp-". Derivative of "kā" `hit, strike, murder' (PPN "taa"). PE. "Pugnus" `fist', PIE "pug̑-no-", root "p(e)ug̑" `prick, box'. Could this be an ext. of a natural expressive sound, "pu", like Eng. "pow!"? Pokorny 828. EM "pugnus", "pungo". Sihler 512. Walde 15*. Watkins "peuk-". Also "döğ-". Reciprocal voice of "dövmek" `beat'. Räsänen 492a. PAlb "zjar̃" alt. with "zjarm", PIE "gʷhermo-" `warm', root "gʷher" `hot, burn'. Mann 14, 35, 53. Huld 135. Walde 687. Pokorny 494. OED "fȳr", PWG "fūri", PIE "puH₂r", root "paH₂w" ("r/n" stem) possibly based on an onomatopoetic "pu" `blow'. Pokorny 828. OED. Kluge "Feuer". Watkins "pūr-". Sihler 299. Lat. "focus" `fireplace', PIE "bhok", an unusual root shape. Dauzat. BW. Pokorny 162. EM "focus". OHG "fiur", PWG "fūri", see ENG. Pokorny 828. Kluge "Feuer". Watkins "pūr-". Sihler 299. PPN "afi", POc "api", PMP "hapuy". PE. Blust. PIE "egnis". Pokorny 293. EM "ignis". Walde 323. Watkins "egni-". Loan from Persian "ātaš". Räsänen 31b. Steingass 13a. Most believe this to be a borrowing from Lat. "piscis". Mann 56. Huld 103. OE "fisc", PG "fiskaz", PIE "piskos", root "peisk". Pokorny 796. OED. Skeat. Watkins "peisk-". Extension of "pois" from LAT "piscis". BW. Dauzat. OHG "fisc", PG "fiskaz", see ENG. Pokorny 796. OED. Kluge. PPN "ika", POc "ikan", PMP "hikan". PE. Blust. PIE root "peisk", though the "k" may be an extension. Pokorny 796. EM "piscis". Walde 11*. Kluge "Fisch". Räsänen 61b. PIE "penkʷe", possibly crossed with "pn̥kʷti-". Huld 102. Pokorny 808. Mann 32. Walde 25*. OED "fīf", PG "fimf(e)", pre-Germanic "pempe", assim. from PIE "penkʷe". OED. Pokorny 808. Pop. Lat. "cīnque", dissim. from Class. LAT "quīnque". OHG "fimf", PG "fimf(e)", see ENG. Pokorny 808. Kluge "fünf". Same word as `hand'. Seems safest to assume that it's no coincidence: five fingers. PE. Proto-Italic "kʷenkʷe" (the /iː/ from "quīntus" `fifth'), Italo-Celtic assim. from PIE "penkʷe". Pokorny 808. EM "quinque". Sihler 413. Walde 25*.