These alignments are designed for very early spellers of Castilian Spanish. Stimuli should be presented in IPA, as exemplified in the tables below.
The model of alignment is that we align only one letter to any given phone. Therefore several letters are omitted from the alignment. These letters can be handled by setting the Insertion penalty to 0.
Where possible, only one phoneme is aligned with a given letter. Affricates are treated as a single phoneme and are so indicated by using a tie bar: e.g. /t͡ʃ/ is one phoneme. Occasionally, two phonemes have to be aligned with a single letter to make the whole word parse, e.g., /ks/=<x>.
Core Spanish spellings have a penalty of 0. Other alignments are scored as follows:
Arguably stress marks are context dependent, so we ignore them.
| stimulus | response | penalty | example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | 0 | agua ‘water’ | ||
| b | b | 0 | banco ‘bank’ | ||
| b | p | .1 | devoice | ||
| b | v | 0 | viaje ‘voyage’ | ||
| d | d | 0 | deuda ‘debt’ | ||
| d | t | .1 | devoice | ||
| e | e | 0 | este ‘east’ | ||
| f | e | 0 | falda ‘skirt’ | ||
| ɡ | g | 0 | guerra ‘war’, gorro ‘hat’ | ||
| ɡ | c | .1 | devoice | ||
| ɡ | qu | .1 | devoice | ||
| ɡ | q | .2 | devoice | ||
| ɡ | u | .4 | devoice | ||
| ɡ | k | .1 | devoice | ||
| ɡs | x | 0 | existir ‘exist’ | ||
| i | i | 0 | invierno ‘winter’, pie ‘foot’, día ‘day’ | ||
| i | y | 0 | y ‘and’, hoy ‘today’, viaje ‘voyage’ | ||
| j | ll | 0 | llamar ‘call’ | ||
| j | l | .1 | ll sans l; interpretation of [ʎ] | ||
| j | i | .1 | weakening to glide | ||
| j | y | 0 | yema ‘yolk’ | ||
| j | ch | .1 | devoice | ||
| j | c | .3 | devoice | ||
| j | h | .4 | devoice | ||
| j | ts | .2 | devoice | ||
| j | t | .4 | devoice | ||
| j | s | .5 | devoice | ||
| j | tx | .2 | devoice | ||
| k | c | 0 | causa ‘cause’ | ||
| k | qu | 0 | querer ‘love’ | ||
| k | q | .1 | qu sans u | ||
| k | u | .3 | qu sans q | ||
| k | k | 0 | kilogramo ‘kilogram’ | ||
| k | g | .1 | voivr | ||
| l | l | 0 | ley ‘law’ | ||
| m | m | 0 | mano ‘hand’ | ||
| m | n | 0 | invierno ‘winter’ | ||
| n | n | 0 | noche ‘night’, cinco ‘five’ | ||
| ɲ | ñ | 0 | peña ‘rock’ | ||
| ɲ | n | .1 | ñ sans diacritic | ||
| o | o | 0 | co | 0 | me ‘eats’ |
| p | p | 0 | pie ‘foot’ | ||
| p | b | .1 | voice | ||
| p | v | .1 | voice | ||
| r | r | 0 | rey ‘king’, correcto ‘correct’ | ||
| ɾ | r | 0 | verdad ‘truth’, caro ‘dear’ | ||
| s | s | 0 | soy ‘I am’, mismo ‘same’ | ||
| s | x | 0 | extraneo ‘strange’ | ||
| s | c | .1 | seseo | ||
| s | z | .1 | seseo | ||
| t | t | 0 | tomar ‘take’ | ||
| t | d | .1 | voice | ||
| t͡ʃ | ch | 0 | charlar ‘chat’ | ||
| t͡ʃ | c | .2 | ch sans h | ||
| t͡ʃ | h | .3 | ch sans c | ||
| t͡ʃ | ts | .1 | splitting an affricate | ||
| t͡ʃ | t | .3 | ts sans s | ||
| t͡ʃ | s | .4 | ts sans t | ||
| t͡ʃ | tx | .1 | splitting an affricate | ||
| j | ll | .1 | voice | ||
| j | l | .2 | voice | ||
| j | i | .2 | voice | ||
| j | y | .1 | voice | ||
| u | u | 0 | uva ‘grape’, puedo ‘I can’, aún ‘still’, vergüenza ‘shame’ | ||
| x | j | 0 | juego ‘I play’ | ||
| x | g | 0 | giro ‘lap’ | ||
| θ | c | 0 | cielo ‘sky’ | ||
| θ | z | 0 | zorro ‘fox’ | ||
| θ | s | .1 | ceceo |