These alignments are designed for very early spellers of French. Stimuli should be presented in IPA, as exemplified in the tables below.
The model of alignment is that we align only one letter to any given phone. Therefore several letters are omitted from the alignment. These letters can be handled by setting the Insertion penalty to 0.
Where possible, only one phoneme is aligned with a given letter. Occasionally, two phonemes have to be aligned with a single letter to make the whole word parse, e.g., /ks/=<x>.
Core French spellings have a penalty of 0. Other alignments are scored as follows:
| stimulus | response | penalty | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | 0 | la ‘the’, là ‘there’, âge, pas, tasse |
| a | e | 0 | femme ‘woman’, en + V, moelle, poêle, récemment, hennir |
| ɑ̃ | an | 0 | dans |
| ɑ̃ | am | 0 | camp |
| ɑ̃ | aon | 0 | faon ‘fawn’, paon |
| ɑ̃ | a | .1 | just first letter |
| ɑ̃ | e | 0 | vent ‘wind’, enni, enivrer, temps, emmener |
| b | b | 0 | bas, abbé |
| b | p | .1 | devoice |
| d | d | 0 | doigt ‘finger’, addition |
| d | t | .1 | devoice |
| e | e | 0 | épaule ‘shoulder’, et, nez, essor |
| e | ai | 0 | pays ‘country’, gai |
| e | a | .1 | ai sans i |
| ei | ay | 0 | pays ‘country’ |
| ɛ | e | 0 | cette, manière ‘way’, neige ‘snow’, forêt, Noël |
| ɛ | ai | 0 | payer, aima, faîte |
| ɛ | a | .1 | ai sans i |
| ɛj | ay | 0 | payer |
| ɛ̃ | in | 0 | vin ‘wine’, saint, sein, vînmes, coïncider |
| ɛ̃ | im | 0 | faim, simple |
| ɛ̃ | en | 0 | rien ‘nothing’, européen, examen |
| ɛ̃ | em | 0 | sempiternel |
| ɛ̃ | ym | 0 | nymphe |
| ɛ̃ | yn | 0 | syntaxe |
| ɛ̃ | um | 0 | humble |
| ɛ̃ | un | 0 | un ‘one’, jeun |
| ə | e | 0 | de |
| ə | ai | 0 | faisait |
| ə | a | .1 | ai sans i |
| f | f | 0 | faire ‘do’, effacer |
| f | v | .1 | voicing |
| f | ph | 0 | téléphone |
| f | p | .2 | ph sans h |
| ɡ | g | 0 | aigu, aggraver, briguons, guide, langue ‘tongue’ |
| ɡ | c | 0 | second |
| k | q | .1 | devoicing |
| k | k | .1 | devoicing |
| ɡz | x | 0 | exiler |
| i | i | 0 | il ‘he’, île ‘island’, haïr ‘hate’ |
| i | y | 0 | pays ‘country’, y |
| ij | y | 0 | fuyard |
| j | y | 0 | yeux, payer ‘pay’ |
| j | i | 0 | rien ‘nothing’, aïeul |
| j | l | 0 | gentille, bataille, bétail, grésil, gentil-homme, pavillon |
| k | c | 0 | lac, accuser, écho |
| k | q | 0 | quand, qui, grecque, coq, équation |
| k | k | 0 | kilomètre |
| k | g | 0 | sang impur |
| ks | x | 0 | texte, excellent |
| l | l | 0 | lire ‘read’, aller |
| m | m | 0 | mais, femme |
| n | n | 0 | nez, donner |
| ŋ | ng | 0 | parking |
| ŋ | n | .1 | ng sans g |
| ɲ | gn | 0 | montagne ‘mountain’, oignon |
| ɲ | g | .1 | gn sans n |
| ɲ | n | .1 | gn sans g |
| o | o | 0 | nos, tôt |
| o | au | 0 | chaud ‘hot’, eau ‘water’ |
| o | a | .1 | au sans u |
| o | u | .2 | au sans a |
| œ | eu | 0 | peuple |
| œ | e | .1 | eu sans u |
| œ | œ | 0 | sœur ‘sister’, œil |
| œ | u | 0 | sœur ‘sister’, orgueil |
| ø | eu | 0 | peu ‘few’, jeûner |
| ø | e | .1 | eu sans u |
| ø | œu | 0 | nœud |
| ø | œ | .1 | œu sans u |
| ø | u | .2 | œu sans œ |
| ɔ̃ | on | 0 | bon ‘good’ |
| ɔ̃ | om | 0 | comte, dom |
| ɔ̃ | o | .1 | just the vowel |
| ɔ | o | 0 | note, o(i)gnon ‘onion’, hôtel |
| ɔ | au | 0 | aurait |
| ɔ | u | 0 | minimum |
| p | p | 0 | pas, appeler |
| p | b | 0 | observer |
| r | r | 0 | roue ‘wheel’, arrêt, rhume, catarrhe |
| s | c | 0 | ceci, garçon ‘boy’ |
| s | s | 0 | son, baisser ‘lower’ |
| s | t | 0 | nation |
| s | x | 0 | six, soixante |
| s | z | .1 | voicing |
| ʃ | ch | 0 | cheval ‘horse’, schisme |
| ʃ | c | .1 | ch sans h |
| ʃ | h | .2 | ch sans c |
| ʃ | g | .1 | voicing |
| ʃ | j | .1 | voicing |
| t | t | 0 | ton, mette, thème |
| t | d | 0 | grand + V |
| u | ou | 0 | ou ‘or’, où ‘where’, goût, août ‘August’|
| u | o | .1 | ou sans u |
| u | u | .2 | ou sans o |
| v | v | 0 | sève |
| v | f | 0 | neuf + V |
| w | o | 0 | oui ‘yes’, point ‘point’, moelle, poêle |
| w | u | 0 | lingual |
| wa | oi | 0 | roi ‘king’, boîte, bois, cloître |
| waj | oy | 0 | croyance, moyen |
| y | u | 0 | une, dû ‘due’, eus, eût |
| ɥ | u | 0 | cuisine |
| z | z | 0 | dizaine |
| z | s | 0 | vase, mes + V |
| z | x | 0 | deuxième, deux + V |
| z | c | .1 | devoicing |
| ʒ | j | 0 | je ‘I’ |
| ʒ | g | 0 | mangea ‘ate’, page |
| ʒ | ch | .1 | devoicing |
| ʒ | c | .2 | ch sans h |
| ʒ | h | .3 | ch sans c |