Given Onset

For string "A"

p = .000

bl: o

blob, block, blond, blonde, blot, blotch

3.4 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.05)

h: ea

heart, hearth

0.1 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

kl: o

clock, clod, clog, clop, clot

2.8 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.05)

n: o

knob, knock, knot, nob, nod, nosh, not, notch

4.5 expected, 8 observed (p <= 0.025)

r: o

rob, rock, rod, romp, rot

2.8 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.05)

skw: a

squad, squash, squat

1.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

sl: o

slob, slog, slop, slosh, slot

2.8 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.05)

sw: a

swab, swamp, swan, swap, swash, swat, swath

3.5 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.025)

sw: a_e

suave, swathe

0.1 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

w: a

wad, wand, want, wash, wasp, watch, watt

2.7 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "C"

Not significant.

For string "E"

Not significant.

For string "R"

p = .000

-: ear

earl, earn, earth

0.7 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.005)

D: er

germ, jerk

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

S: ir

shirk, shirt

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

bl: ur

blur, blurt

0.6 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.05)

g: ir

girl, girth

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

h: ear

heard, hearse

0.6 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.05)

k: ur

curb, curd, curl, curse, curt, curve

1.9 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.001)

p: er

per, perch, perk, pert

1.8 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.05)

q: ir

third, thirst

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

skw: ir

squirm, squirt

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

v: er

verb, verge, verse, versed

0.9 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

w: or

word, work, world, worm, worse, worst, worth

0.6 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "U"

Not significant.

For string "V"

p = .000

d: o_e

does, done, dove

0.6 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.005)

fr: o

from, front

0.1 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

fr: u

frump

2.7 expected, 1 observed (p <= 0.005)

t: o

ton, tongue

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.005)

t: ou

touch, tough

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

t: u

tub, tuck, tuft, tug, tusk

8.1 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.001)

w: a

was, what

0.0 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

w: o

once, won

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "W"

Not significant.

For string "Y"

Not significant.

For string "a"

Not significant.

For string "c"

Not significant.

For string "e"

Not significant.

For string "i"

Not significant.

For string "o"

Not significant.

For string "u"

p = .000

Sr: ew

shrew, shrewd

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

b: oo

boom, boon, boost, boot, booth, booths, booze

2.9 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.005)

fj: u_e

fugue, fume, fuse

1.1 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

fl: u_e

fluke, flume, flute

1.1 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

h: o

who, whom

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

j: ou

you, youth

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

k: oo

coo, cool, coon, coop, coot

2.5 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.05)

kj: u_e

cube, cue, cute

0.9 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

mj: u_e

mule, muse, mute

0.9 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

n: ew

knew, new, newt

1.0 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

r: ou

rouge, route

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.05)

sk: oo

school, scoop, scoot

1.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

sp: oo

spoof, spook, spool, spoon

1.7 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.025)

t: o

to, tomb, two

0.3 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "y"

Not significant.

Given Coda

For string "A"

p = .000

-: a

bra, ma, pa, spa

1.6 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.025)

b: a

swab

6.2 expected, 1 observed (p <= 0.01)

b: o

blob, bob, cob, glob, gob, job, knob, lob, mob, nob, rob, slob, snob, sob, throb

8.9 expected, 15 observed (p <= 0.005)

g: o

bog, clog, flog, fog, frog, grog, jog, slog, smog

5.0 expected, 9 observed (p <= 0.01)

k: o

block, chock, clock, cock, crock, doc, dock, flock, frock, hock, knock, lock, mock, rock, shock, smock, sock, stock

10.1 expected, 18 observed (p <= 0.001)

ks: o

box, fox, lox, ox, pox

2.8 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.05)

m: al

balm, calm, palm, psalm, qualm

0.2 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.001)

p: a

swap

6.6 expected, 1 observed (p <= 0.005)

p: o

chop, clop, cop, crop, drop, flop, hop, mop, plop, pop, prop, shop, slop, sop, stop, top

9.5 expected, 16 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: a

bar, car, char, czar, far, jar, mar, par, scar, spar, star, tar

5.1 expected, 12 observed (p <= 0.001)

rD: a

barge, charge, large

1.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

rT: a

arch, march, starch

1.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

rd: a

card, chard, guard, hard, lard, shard, yard

2.7 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.001)

rk: a

arc, ark, bark, dark, hark, lark, mark, park, shark, spark, stark

4.3 expected, 11 observed (p <= 0.001)

rm: a

arm, charm, farm, harm

1.6 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.025)

rn: a

barn, darn, yarn

1.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

rp: a

carp, harp, sharp

1.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.05)

rt: a

art, cart, chart, dart, hart, mart, part, smart, start, tart

4.3 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.001)

t: a

squat, swat, watt

9.7 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.005)

t: o

blot, clot, cot, dot, got, hot, jot, knot, lot, not, plot, pot, rot, scot, shot, slot, snot, sot, spot, tot, trot

14.0 expected, 21 observed (p <= 0.005)

For string "C"

p = .000

-: oy

boy, coy, joy, ploy, soy, toy

1.3 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "E"

p = .000

d: e

bed, bled, bred, fed, fled, led, pled, red, shed, shred, sled, sped, wed

18.3 expected, 13 observed (p <= 0.01)

d: ea

bread, dead, dread, head, lead, read, spread, stead, thread, tread

2.6 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.001)

l: e

bell, belle, cell, dell, dwell, fell, gel, hell, jell, knell, quell, sell, shell, smell, spell, swell, tell, well, yell

14.5 expected, 19 observed (p <= 0.025)

lq: ea

health, stealth, wealth

0.3 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

q: ea

breath, death

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: a_e

bare, blare, care, dare, fare, flare, glare, hare, mare, pare, rare, scare, share, snare, spare, square, stare, ware

2.4 expected, 18 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: ai

air, chair, fair, flair, hair, lair, pair, stair

1.2 expected, 8 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: e

err

28.9 expected, 1 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: e_e

ere, there, where

0.4 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "R"

Not significant.

For string "U"

p = .000

S: u

bush, push

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.005)

d: oul

could, should, would

0.5 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

k: oo

book, brook, cook, crook, hook, look, nook, rook, shook, took

5.4 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.001)

l: u

bull, full, pull

0.8 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.005)

r: ou

tour, your

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

r: u_e

cure, lure, pure, sure

0.9 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "V"

p = .000

d: oo

blood, flood

0.1 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

f: ou

rough, slough, tough

0.3 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: o

son, ton, won

0.6 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.005)

n: o_e

done, none, one

0.6 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: u

bun, fun, gun, nun, pun, run, shun, spun, stun, sun

14.3 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.001)

v: o_e

dove, glove, love, shove

0.2 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

z: u

buzz, fuzz

3.6 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

For string "W"

p = .000

-: ough

bough, slough

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

-: ow

bow, brow, chow, cow, how, now, plow, prow, row, sow, vow

4.0 expected, 11 observed (p <= 0.001)

l: ou

foul

5.1 expected, 1 observed (p <= 0.005)

l: ow

fowl, growl, howl, jowl, owl, prowl, scowl

2.4 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: ou

noun

5.7 expected, 1 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: ow

brown, clown, crown, down, drown, frown, gown, town

2.8 expected, 8 observed (p <= 0.001)

nd: ou

bound, found, ground, hound, mound, pound, round, sound, wound

5.7 expected, 9 observed (p <= 0.025)

s: ou

blouse, douse, grouse, house, louse, mouse, spouse

4.4 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.05)

For string "Y"

p = .000

-: i_e

die, lie, pie, tie, vie

22.3 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.001)

-: y

by, cry, dry, fly, fry, guy, my, ply, pry, shy, sky, sly, spry, spy, sty, try, why, wry

3.0 expected, 18 observed (p <= 0.001)

d: i_e

bide, bride, chide, glide, guide, hide, pride, ride, side, slide, snide, stride, tide, wide

9.2 expected, 14 observed (p <= 0.01)

ld: i

child, mild, wild

0.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: i_e

brine, dine, fine, line, mine, nine, pine, shine, shrine, spine, swine, twine, vine, whine, wine

11.2 expected, 15 observed (p <= 0.05)

nd: i

bind, blind, find, grind, hind, kind, mind, rind, wind

0.6 expected, 9 observed (p <= 0.001)

s: i_e

dice, ice, lice, mice, nice, price, rice, slice, spice, splice, thrice, twice, vice, vise

9.2 expected, 14 observed (p <= 0.01)

t: i_e

bite, cite, kite, mite, quite, rite, site, smite, spite, sprite, trite, white, write

18.4 expected, 13 observed (p <= 0.025)

t: igh

blight, bright, fight, flight, fright, knight, light, might, night, plight, right, sight, slight, tight

2.4 expected, 14 observed (p <= 0.001)

v: i_e

chive, dive, drive, five, hive, jive, live, strive, thrive

5.9 expected, 9 observed (p <= 0.05)

For string "a"

p = .000

f: a

chaff, graph, staff

5.8 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

f: al

calf, half

0.1 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

v: al

calve, halve, salve

0.1 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "c"

p = .000

-: aw

claw, draw, flaw, gnaw, jaw, law, paw, raw, saw, slaw, squaw, straw, thaw

1.9 expected, 13 observed (p <= 0.001)

G: o

gong, long, prong, song, strong, thong, throng, tong, wrong

3.2 expected, 9 observed (p <= 0.001)

d: au

fraud, gaud, laud

0.5 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

f: ou

cough, trough

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

ft: o

loft, oft, soft

1.1 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

g: o

dog, hog, log

1.1 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

k: al

balk, chalk, stalk, talk, walk

0.2 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.001)

l: a

all, ball, call, fall, gall, hall, mall, pall, small, squall, stall, tall, wall

3.3 expected, 13 observed (p <= 0.001)

l: aw

awl, bawl, brawl, crawl, drawl, scrawl, shawl, sprawl

3.1 expected, 8 observed (p <= 0.005)

ld: a

bald, scald

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

lt: a

halt, malt, salt

0.7 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.005)

lt: au

fault, vault

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

n: aw

dawn, fawn, lawn, pawn, spawn, yawn

1.0 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.001)

nT: au

haunch, launch, paunch, staunch

0.5 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

nt: au

daunt, flaunt, gaunt, haunt, jaunt, taunt

0.6 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.001)

q: o

broth, cloth, froth, moth, sloth

1.8 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.005)

r: a

war

4.9 expected, 1 observed (p <= 0.05)

r: o

corps, for, nor, or

11.9 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.005)

r: o_e

bore, chore, core, fore, gore, lore, more, ore, pore, score, shore, snore, sore, spore, store, swore, tore, whore, wore, yore

3.1 expected, 20 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: oa

boar, oar, roar, soar

1.3 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.025)

r: oo

door, floor

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

rT: o

porch, scorch, torch

1.1 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

rd: oa

board, hoard

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

rf: a

dwarf, wharf

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

rk: o

cork, fork, pork, stork

1.4 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.01)

rn: o

born, borne, corn, horn, morn, porn, scorn, shorn, sworn, thorn, torn, worn

4.9 expected, 12 observed (p <= 0.001)

rs: oa

coarse, hoarse

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

rs: ou

course, source

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

rt: o

fort, port, short, snort, sort, sport, tort

3.9 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.05)

s: o

boss, cross, floss, loss, moss, toss

2.5 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.005)

st: o

cost, frost, lost

1.1 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

t: augh

aught, caught, fraught, naught, taught

0.3 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.001)

t: ough

bought, brought, fought, ought, sought, thought, wrought

0.4 expected, 7 observed (p <= 0.001)

z: au

cause, clause, gauze, pause

0.4 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "e"

p = .000

-: ay

bay, clay, day, fray, gay, gray, hay, jay, lay, may, nay, pay, play, pray, ray, say, slay, splay, spray, stay, stray, sway, tray, way

2.9 expected, 24 observed (p <= 0.001)

-: eigh

neigh, sleigh, weigh

0.6 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

-: ey

prey, they, whey

0.4 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

k: a_e

ache, bake, brake, cake, drake, fake, flake, lake, make, quake, rake, sake, shake, slake, snake, stake, take, wake

11.3 expected, 18 observed (p <= 0.005)

k: ea

break, steak

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.005)

l: ai

ail, bail, fail, flail, frail, grail, hail, jail, mail, nail, pail, quail, rail, sail, snail, tail, trail, wail

8.1 expected, 18 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: a_e

cane, crane, lane, mane, pane, plane, sane, vane, wane

16.3 expected, 9 observed (p <= 0.005)

n: ai

brain, chain, drain, gain, grain, lain, main, pain, plain, rain, slain, sprain, stain, strain, train, vain

6.9 expected, 16 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: ei

rein, vein

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

n: eig

feign, reign

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

nD: a

change, mange, range, strange

0.1 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

nt: ai

faint, paint, quaint, saint, taint

1.2 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.001)

p: a_e

ape, cape, drape, gape, grape, nape, rape, scrape, shape, tape

6.2 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.025)

s: a_e

ace, base, brace, case, chase, face, grace, lace, mace, pace, place, race, space, trace, vase

9.0 expected, 15 observed (p <= 0.005)

t: eigh

eight, freight

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

v: a_e

brave, cave, crave, gave, grave, knave, pave, rave, save, shave, slave, wave

7.3 expected, 12 observed (p <= 0.01)

For string "i"

p = .000

-: e

be, he, me, she, the, we

0.6 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.001)

-: ea

flea, pea, plea, sea, tea

11.2 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.01)

d: ee

bleed, breed, creed, deed, feed, greed, heed, need, reed, seed, speed, steed, tweed, weed

7.9 expected, 14 observed (p <= 0.005)

f: ie

brief, chief, grief, thief

0.5 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

k: i

chic, clique

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

ld: ie

field, shield, wield, yield

0.3 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

m: e_e

scheme, theme

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

n: e_e

gene, scene

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.005)

p: ea

cheap, heap, leap, reap

8.1 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.05)

p: ee

beep, bleep, cheep, creep, deep, jeep, keep, peep, seep, sheep, sleep, steep, sweep, weep

7.1 expected, 14 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "o"

p = .000

-: o_e

doe, foe, hoe, roe, toe, woe

14.8 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.001)

-: ough

dough, though

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.005)

-: ow

blow, bow, crow, flow, glow, grow, know, low, mow, row, show, slow, snow, sow, stow, throw, tow

3.2 expected, 17 observed (p <= 0.001)

T: oa

broach, coach, poach, roach

1.0 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.001)

b: o_e

globe, lobe, probe, robe

1.9 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.05)

f: oa

loaf, oaf

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

k: ol

folk, yolk

0.2 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

ks: oa

coax, hoax

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

l: o

droll, knoll, poll, roll, scroll, stroll, toll, troll

3.9 expected, 8 observed (p <= 0.025)

ld: o

bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, mold, old, scold, sold, told

1.8 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.001)

lt: o

bolt, colt, dolt, jolt, molt, volt

1.1 expected, 6 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: o_e

bone, clone, cone, drone, lone, phone, prone, shone, stone, throne, tone, zone

7.9 expected, 12 observed (p <= 0.05)

p: o_e

cope, dope, grope, hope, lope, mope, nope, pope, rope, scope, slope

5.6 expected, 11 observed (p <= 0.005)

q: oa

loath, oath

0.6 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.05)

st: o

ghost, host, most, post

1.4 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.025)

st: oa

boast, coast, roast, toast

1.7 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.05)

t: oa

bloat, boat, coat, float, gloat, goat, moat, oat, throat

2.9 expected, 9 observed (p <= 0.001)

v: o_e

clove, cove, dove, drove, grove, rove, stove, strove, trove, wove

5.1 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.005)

z: o_e

chose, close, doze, froze, hose, nose, pose, prose, rose, those

5.1 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.005)

For string "u"

p = .000

-: ew

blew, brew, chew, crew, dew, drew, few, flew, grew, hew, knew, mew, new, pew, screw, shrew, skew, slew, spew, stew, strew, threw, view, yew

7.7 expected, 24 observed (p <= 0.001)

-: oo

coo, goo, too, woo, zoo

21.6 expected, 5 observed (p <= 0.001)

-: ough

slough, through

0.6 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

-: u

flu, gnu

0.6 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

b: u_e

cube, tube

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

f: oo

goof, proof, roof, spoof

1.7 expected, 4 observed (p <= 0.025)

k: u_e

duke, fluke, puke

0.9 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

m: o

tomb, whom, womb

0.6 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

n: oo

boon, coon, croon, goon, loon, moon, noon, soon, spoon, swoon

5.4 expected, 10 observed (p <= 0.01)

p: oo

coop, droop, hoop, loop, poop, scoop, snoop, stoop, swoop, troop, whoop

5.8 expected, 11 observed (p <= 0.005)

p: ou

group, soup, troupe

0.8 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.025)

t: ui

fruit, suit

0.5 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.025)

v: o_e

move, prove

0.1 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

z: ui

bruise, cruise

0.3 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

For string "y"

p = .000

l: i

bill, chill, dill, drill, fill, frill, gill, grill, hill, ill, kill, mill, nil, pill, quill, shrill, sill, skill, spill, still, thrill, till, trill, will

20.8 expected, 24 observed (p <= 0.05)

m: y

gym, hymn

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

mf: y

lymph, nymph

0.1 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: e_e

here, mere, sphere

0.2 expected, 3 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: ea

clear, dear, ear, fear, gear, hear, near, rear, sear, shear, smear, spear, tear, year

1.2 expected, 14 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: ee

beer, cheer, deer, jeer, leer, peer, queer, sheer, sneer, steer, veer

1.0 expected, 11 observed (p <= 0.001)

r: ie

pier, tier

0.4 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.01)

rs: ie

fierce, pierce

0.0 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)

v: i_e

give, live

0.0 expected, 2 observed (p <= 0.001)