<?xml version="1.0"?>
<language id="LAT"> <!-- Latin -->

<word sem="ALL">
  <pron r="1">omn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.13.3, 13.14: omnēs, pl. of omnis ‘every’, ‘whole’. 
      Best guess is *“opnis”,
      PIE root “op” ‘work’.  EM. Sihler 43. Walde
      123. Pokorny 780.  Watkins “op-1”. -->
  <pron r="1">toːt</pron>
    <!-- Rea. -->
</word>

<word sem="ANIMAL">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">anim</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.11: Lat. animal (deriv. of anima ‘air, life’).
      Nominalization of adj. “animālis”, from “anima”, PIE 
      “H₂anH₁-” ‘breathe’.  Sihler 46.  Walde 56.  Pokorny
      38.  Watkins “anə-”. -->
  <pron r="2">beːst</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.11: Lat. bēstia, of all animals exclusive of man, 
      etym. dub., but perh. fr. the same root (IE *dhwes-) as the Gmc. words, 
      Goth. dius, etc. Walde-H. 1.102. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.11: bēstia, 
       It. animale, bestia, bruto, 
       Fr. animal, bête, Sp. animal, bestia, Rum. animal, bestie; 
       ‘wild animal’: Lat. ferus   -->
</word>

<word sem="ASHES">
  <pron r="1">kin</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.84: Lat. cinis, cineris (whence It. cenere, Fr. cendre; 
      derivs. give It. cinigia, Sp. ceniza, Rum. cenuşe) : Grk. κόνις ‘dust’. 
      Walde-P. 1.392. EM 187f. Walde-H. 1.217f. REW 1929, 1930.
      Best guess for
      PIE root is “ken” ‘scratch’, possibly “sk̑in” if ALB ties
      in.  Sihler 37. Walde-P. 392, Pokorny 560.  EM.  Watkins
      “keni-”. -->
  <pron r="2">faw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.84: Lat. favilla, esp. ‘glowing ashes’ fr. the root of fovēre 
      ‘warm’, Skt. dah- ‘burn’, etc. Ernout-M. 339. Buck 1.85: MIr. daig 
      ‘fire’, NIr. doigh ‘pain’,
      Lat fovēre ‘warm’. IE *dhegʷh-. Boisacq 963f. Walde-P. 
      1.849. Ernout-M. 384. Walde-H. 1.466f. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.84: Lat. cinis, favilla, It. cenere, Fr. cendre, Sp. ceniza, 
    Rum. cenuşe.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BACK">
  <pron r="1">terɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.19: tergum. There is no certain etymology beyond Latin, but 
      one guess is
      a PIE “(s)terg” ‘stretch’, root “(s)ter” ‘stiff’.  Tucker further 
      suggests a connection with “terra”, but that’s very dubious.
      Walde 629*. Pokorny 1023. -->
  <pron r="2">dors</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.19: dorsum. OLD 573c.  -->
  <!-- Buck 4.19: dorsum, tergum.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BAD">
  <pron r="1">mal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.72.3: malus.
        PIE root “mel” ‘bad’, conceivably
        “(s)mēlo-” ‘small animal’.  Walde 291*, 296*.  Pokorny 724. 
        EM.  Watkins “mel-5”, “mēlo-”.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BARK">
  <pron r="1">kort</pron>
    <!-- OLD451b: cortex, cf. corium. 
      PIE “kr̥t” or “kort”, extension
      of PIE root “(s)ker” ‘cut’.  Walde 578*. EM.  Pokorny 941.
      Watkins “sker-1”.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BELLY">
  <pron r="1">wentr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.46: venter.
      Possibly “wen-tri” is a tabu deformation of “udero-”.  EM. Walde 191.
      Pokorny 1105.  Watkins “udero-”.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BIG">
  <pron r="1">maɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.55.1: magnus. 
       PIE “mag̑nos”, root
       “mag̑-”.  Tucker perceives a pre-PIE 
       etymon “ma-” ‘big’ here and in many other words such as “mare”
       ‘sea’, “maritus” ‘husband’, but that seems fanciful.
       Pokorny 708.  EM.  Sihler 99.  Walde 258*.  Watkins “meg-”. 
     -->
  <pron r="1">ɡrand</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.55, Rea. -->
  <!-- Buck 12.55: magnus, grandis (esp. ‘great’ (morally and physically),
      oft. ‘full-grown’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="BIRD">
  <pron r="1">aw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.64: Lat. avis, whence Sp. ave, and fr. dim. *aucellus 
       It. ucello, Fr. oiseau; Skt., Av. vi-. 
       Walde-P. 1.21. Ernout-M. 90f. REW 828. 
      PIE “H₂awi-”.  Sihler 44.  Pokorny 86.  Walde 32.  EM.  Watkins
      “awi-”. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.64: Lat. avis, It. uccello, Fr. oiseau, 
    Sp. ave, pájaro (fr. passer ‘sparrow’), 
    Rum. pasăre (fr. passer ‘sparrow’)  -->
</word>

<word sem="BITE">
  <pron r="1">mord</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.58: mordēre.
      Iterative suffix PIE “-éye/o” on PIE stem
      “merd-”, possibly extension to root “merH” ‘rub raw’.
      Pokorny 737.  Sihler 504.  Walde 279*.  EM.  Watkins “mer-2”.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BLACK">
  <pron r="1">aːter</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.65.2: āter.
      Mostly belongs to
      the written language (but Fre. “airelle”), contrast
      “niger”. Perhaps PIE “ātr” ‘fire’ (i.e., ‘burnt black’).
      Walde 42.  Pokorny  69.  EM.  Watkins “āter-”. -->
  <pron r="2">niɡr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.65.2: niger.  -->
  <!-- Buck 15.65: āter, niger.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BLOOD">
  <pron r="1">saŋɡw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.15: Lat. sanguis (early neut. sanguen), -inis 
      (whence the Romance words), etym.?  
      EM.  Sihler 291.  Walde 162. -->
  <pron r="2">aser</pron>
  <pron r="3">assyr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.15: OLat. aser, assyr (Paul. Fest., with assarātum ‘drink 
      of wine and blood mixed’), Grk. poet. ἔαρ, εἷαρ (ἦαρ Hesych.), 
      Lett. asins; Skt. asṛk, gen. asnas; Arm. ariun; 
      Hitt. eshar (Sturtevant, Hitt. Gloss. 37), Toch. ysār (SSS, 6). 
      IE *ēsen-, nom.-acc. -ṛ, r/n stem neuter. Walde-P. 1.162. 
      Ernout-M. 80f., 893. Walde-H. 1.72. 
      OLD191b: quod Latini prisci sanguinem assyr uocarent. -->
  <pron r="4">kru</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.15: Lat. cruor esp. ‘blood from a wound’, Ir. crū,  
      Lith. kraujas, OPruss. craujo, krawia, ChSl. krŭvĭ, 
      the general Balto-Slavic (except Lett.) word for ‘blood’ 
      : Grk. κρέας ‘meat’, Skt. kravis- ‘raw flesh’, Av. xrū- ‘raw flesh’, 
      Skt. krūra- ‘raw, bloody’, Av. xrūra- ‘bloody, fierce’, 
      OE hrēaw ‘raw’. IE *krew-, *krū-. 
      Walde-P. 1.478. Ernout-M. 234f. Walde-H. 1.294f. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.15: Lat. sanguis, cruor, It. sangue, Fr. sang, Sp. sangre, 
    Rum. sînge.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BLOW">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">flaː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.38: flāre (imit.).
      PIE “bhlā-”, variant of “bhleH₂-”, probably extension of
      root “bhel-”. Perhaps there is a connection with the
      homonymous root ‘bloom’.  Onomatopoeia?  Tucker.  Sihler 529.
      Walde 179*.  EM.  Pokorny 121.  Watkins “bhlē-”.  -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="0.5" redund="BREATHE1" motiv="0.7">spiːr</pron>
    <!-- OLD185b: aspīrō ‘breathe, blow (wind)’, fr. 
       spīrō (OLD1806b) ‘breathe, give off smell, blow (wind)’.
       Onomatopoeia?  Pokorny sees a PIE
       “(s)peis” ‘blow’; possibly connected to ALB.  EM.  Walde
       11*.  Pokorny 796.  Watkins “[spīrāre]”.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BONE">
  <pron r="1">osː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.16: Lat. os, gen. ossis, also ossu, ossum 
      (whence It. osso, Sp. hueso, Fr., Rum. os); Grk. ὀστέον, 
      W. asgwrn, Br. askourn, Corn. ascorn; 
      Skt. asthi-, gen. asthnas, Av. ast-, asti-; Arm. oskr; Alb. asht. 
      Here also ChSl. kostĭ? IE *ost-, etc. Walde-P. 1.185f. Ernout-M. 716. 
    PIE “ost-”.  Tucker.  Sihler 319.  Walde 186.  Pokorny
      783.  Watkins “ost-”.-->
  <!-- Buck 4.16: Lat., Fr., Rum. os, It. osso, Sp. hueso  -->
</word>

<word sem="BREAST">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1" redund="MOTHER1">ma</pron>
    <!-- Earlier generations attempted to
      derive from some such root as “mad” + “-ma”, but it seems clear
      now that this is purely nursery talk, also means ‘mother’, and
      is same stem as in “mater”, hypocoristic gemination.  Tucker.
      Sihler 224.  Walde 221*, 232*.  EM.  Pokorny 694.
      Buck 4.41: mamma, prob. same as child’s word for ‘mother’. Mamilla.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BREATHE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="0.5" motiv="0.7">spiːr</pron>
    <!-- spīrō (OLD1806b) ‘breathe, give off smell, blow (wind)’.
       Onomatopoeia?  Pokorny sees a PIE
       “(s)peis” ‘blow’; possibly connected to ALB.  EM.  Walde
       11*.  Pokorny 796.  Watkins “[spīrāre]”. 
      Buck 4.51: spīrāre (imit.), spīritus. -->
  <pron r="2">anim</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.51: anima ‘breath’. --> 
  <pron r="3" motiv="1">haːl</pron>
    <!-- OLD785a: hālō ‘emit vapour, give off a scent’, 
       hālitus ‘exhalation, breath’, anhelō, etc.. -->
</word>

<word sem="BURN">
  <pron r="1">flaɡ</pron>
    <!-- OLD709c: flagrō, -āre, cf. fulgeo.  -->
  <pron r="2" redund="DRY2">aːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.85: Lat. ardēre : āridus ‘dry’, ārēre ‘be dry’, Skt. 
      āsa- ‘ashes, dust’, Goth. azgō, OE asce. Ernout-M. 75. Walde-H. 1.65.
      Hence Rum. arde. It. ardere, Sp. arder are mostly figurative.
      Buck 1.84: Arm. ačium ‘ashes’. Fr. a root *as-.  Falk-Torp. 35. Feist 
      72.    Pokorny 68.  Lubotsky, p. 59.  Watkins “as-”. 
     -->
  <pron r="3">uːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.85: Lat. ūrere ‘burn’, Skt. uṣ-, Grk. εὕω ‘singe’, IE *eus-. 
      Walde-P. 1.111. Ernout-M. 1137f. OLD2107b, always vt.  -->
  <pron r="4">krem</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.85: Lat. cremāre, fr. *krem-, prob. : *ker- in Lat. carbo, 
      Goth. hauri ‘coal’. Walde-P. 1.418ff. Ernout-M. 229. Walde-H. 1.287.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.85: ūrere (vt.), ardēre (vi), cremāre (vt.), It. bruciare, 
    Fr. brûler, Sp. quemar (vt), quemarse (vi), Rum. arde. Also Lat. adolēre 
    ‘burn’, a sacrificial term, root connection dub. ErnoutM. 14. Walde-H. 
    1.13.  -->
</word>

<word sem="CHILD">
  <pron r="1" motiv="0.7">pu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.25: Lat. puer ‘boy’ :
      Grk. παῖς, gen. παιδός (fr. *παϜιδ-) ‘boy, girl, child’,  
      NG παιδί ‘child’ (fr. dim. παιδίον) : Skt. putra-  
      ‘son’, Osc. puklum ‘filium’, Pael. puclois ‘pueris’, Skt. pota ‘ young  
      of an animal’, Grk. παῦρος ‘little’, Lat. pusillus ‘very small’.  
      Walde-P. 2.75ff. Ernout-M. 782, 790.
     PIE “pu-”, “pau-” ‘small’.   Tucker.  Walde 76*.
      Pokorny 843.  Watkins “pau-”.
     -->
  <!-- Buck 2.27: Lat. puerī (= ‘boys’), 
      It. fanciullo (fr. infant- with suffix), bimbo (nursery word), 
      Fr. enfant (fr. infant-), Sp. niño, (nursery word), Rum. copil (Balkan 
      word : Grk. κοπέλλα ‘girl’)  -->
</word>

<word sem="CLAW">
  <pron r="1">ungʷ</pron>
    <!-- PIE “H₃nogʷh-” ‘nail, hoof’.  Sihler
      86, 97.  Walde 180.  Pokorny 780.   Watkins “nogh-”.
      Ringe 1992: /ungwis/. (Base of “ungula”, Fre. “ongle”).
     (Eng. “(finger)nail”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="CLOUD">
  <pron r="1">nuːb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.73: Lat. nūbēs (whence It., Sp. nube, Fr. nue, nuage), nūbila 
      (pl.) (whence It. nuvola, Rum. nor): W. nudd ‘mist’, fr. *sneudh-, 
      extension of *sneu- beside *snā- ‘be wet, bathe’, in Skt. snuta- 
      ‘dripping’ beside snā- ‘bathe’, Lat. nāre ‘swim’, etc. Walde-P. 2.697, 
      692ff. Ernout-M. 682f. REW 5974, 5975. From late Lat. nībulus for 
      nūbilus (REW 5975.2) also W. niwl, nifwl ‘mist’, Ir. nēl, NIr nēal 
      ‘cloud’. Walde-P. 1.131. Loth, Mots lat. 190. Pokorny, KZ 50.45f. 
      Vendryes, RC 42.235. 
      Pokorny 978. Walde 697*.  EM.  Watkins “sneudh-”. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.73: Lat. nūbēs, nūbila (pl.), It. nuvola, nube, Fr. nuage, Sp. 
    nube, Rum. nor.  -->
</word>

<word sem="COLD">
  <pron r="1">friːɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.86.4: frīgidus. Cf. sb. frīgus, vb. frīgēre.
       SWL: “Frīgeo” ‘be cold’, PIE stative stem
      “srigeH₁”, root “srīg”.  Pokorny 1004.  EM
      “frigus”. Sihler 497, 214. Walde 705*.  Watkins “srīg-”. 
      Ringe 1992: /frīgidus/.  (Pop. “frĭgdus” in FRE “froid”).  -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="0.7">ɡɛl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.86.2: gelidus; sb. gelu ‘cold, frost’, vb. gelāre ‘freeze’.
       OLD755b, fr. gelū ‘frost’. -->
  <!-- Buck 15.86: frīgidus, gelidus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="COME">
  <pron r="1">wen</pron>
    <!-- PIE “gʷm̥-ye/o-”, Skeat.
      Walde 675.  OED.  Pokorny 463.  Watkins “gʷā-”.
      Sihler 96, 503.  EM “venio”.
      Buck 10.48, 10.47.2: venīre.
         -->
</word>

<word sem="COUNT">
  <pron r="1">numer</pron>
    <!-- Ringe 1992: /numerāre/. “Numerus” ‘number’, PIE
      “nomeso-”, root “nem” ‘assign, take’.  Sihler 43, 70.  Walde
      331. Pokorny 763. EM “numerus”.  Watkins “nem-”.
      Buck 13.12: numerus ‘number’. OLD1203a. -->
</word>

<word sem="CRY">
  <pron r="1">fleː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.37.3: flēre -->
  <!-- Buck 16.37: flēre, plōrāre (in earlier use ‘cry aloud’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="CUT">
  <pron r="1">sek</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.22: secāre. PIE “skei-” ‘cut’, root “sek” ‘cut’.  EM
     “seco”. Pokorny 895. Walde 474.  BW “couper”.  Watkins “skei-”.
     Ringe 1992: /sekāre/.  1sg: “seco”.  (Fre. “scier”.)
     ("scio” ‘know’) -->
  <pron r="2" redund="HIT6" deriv="0.5">kaed</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.76, 9.22: caedere ‘cut, strike’, also ‘kill’ 
      (esp. in occīdere).  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.22: secāre, caedere. -->
</word>

<word sem="DAY">
  <pron r="1">di</pron>
    <!-- PIE “dyews” (crossed with “divus”, etc.), root “dyeu” ‘shine
      bright’. EM “dies”.  Pokorny 184.  Sihler 338.  Walde 773.  Watkins
      “deiw-”. 
      Buck 14.41.1: diēs. Ringe 1992: /diēs/. (Fre. “(mi)di”.)  -->
</word>

<word sem="DIE">
  <pron r="1">mor</pron>
    <!-- PIE “mr̥ye”
      (durative thematic), root “mer” ‘die’.  Perhaps derived from
      “merH” ‘be rubbed out’.  Pokorny 735.  EM
      “morior”.  Sihler 503.  Walde 276.
      Buck 4.75: morī; mortuus; mors.
      Ringe 1992: /morī/.  (FRE “meurs”.)  (“mordeo” ‘bite’)  -->
  <!-- Buck 4.75: morī; mortuus; mors, nex (‘violent death’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="DIG">
  <pron r="1" deriv="0.5" redund="STAB1">fod</pron>
    <!-- OLD718b: fodere. Trans. used as ‘stab’.  PIE “bhodh-ye” (for expected
      “bhedhye”), root “bhedh” ‘stab’.  Pokorny 113.  EM “fodio”.
      Sihler 121, 536.  Watkins “bhedh-”.
      Buck 8.22: fodere. Ringe 1992: /fodere/.  (Fre. “fouir”).  (Eng. “bed”)
      -->
</word>

<word sem="DIRTY">
  <pron r="1">sord</pron>
    <!-- “Sordes” ‘dirt’, PIE “sword”.
      EM “sordes”.  Pokorny 1052. Walde 535*.  Watkins “swordo-”.
      Buck 15.88.2: sordidus, cf. sordēre ‘be dirty’, sordēs ‘dirt, filth’.
       Ringe 1992: /sordidus/.   (Ger. “schwarz” ‘black’)
      -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="0.5">skwaːl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.88.2: squālidus, sb. squālēs, sqālor. Orig. ‘rough’. -->
  <pron r="3">spurk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.88.2: spurcus -->
  <pron r="4" deriv="1">mund</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.88: immundus, neg. of mundus ‘clean’ (15.87.2). -->
  <!-- Buck 15.88: sordidus, squālidus, spurcus, immundus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DOG">
  <pron r="1">kan</pron>
    <!-- PIE root “k̑won”,
      vowel unclear (as if from *“k̑an-i”); perhaps crossed with
      “cano” ‘sing’.  EM “canes”.  Pokorny 633.  Walde 351, 466.
      Watkins “kwon”. 
      Buck 3.61:
      Lat. canis (phonetic development irregular, but connection not to be 
      questioned; whence It. cane, Fr. chien, Sp. can (now mostly obs.), 
      Rum. cîine),
      Grk. κύων, 
      Ir. cū (NIr. ‘hound’), W. ci, Br. ki; 
      Goth. hunds, OE hund, general Gmc.; 
      Lith šuo, Lett. suns, OPruss. sunis, 
      Skt. çvan-, Av. span-, Median σπάκα (Hdt.), 
      and, fr. an Iran. form like the last, Russ. sobaka; 
      Arm. šun; Toch, ku, kū.
      IE *k̑uon-, k̑un-. Walde-P. 1.465ff. Ernout-M. 142f. Walde-H. 1.152f. 
        Feist 276. 
      Ringe 1992: /kanis/. (FRE “chien”.) -->
</word>

<word sem="DRINK">
  <pron r="1">bib</pron>
  <pron r="2">poː</pron>
    <!-- Assim. form of *“pibo”, redupl. PIE stem  “pi-pH₃-”, root
      “poH₃(i)”.  Sihler 496.  Pokorny  840. EM “bibo”. Walde
      71*.  Watkins “pō(i)-”.
      Buck 5.13: bibere, pple. pōtus. Ringe 1992: /bibere/.  (FRE. “bois”). -->
</word>

<word sem="DRY">
  <pron r="1">sikː</pron>
    <!-- Perhaps a PIE root “seikʷ” ‘pour
      out’.  Another school of thought derives
      from “sitis” ‘drought’, as *“sitikos”.  Pokorny 893, 889. EM
      “siccus”. Sihler 200.  Walde 506.  Watkins “seikʷ”.
      Buck 15.84.4: siccus. Ringe 1992: /sikkus/.  -->
  <pron r="2">aːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.84: Lat. āridus ‘dry’, ārēre ‘be dry’, ardēre ‘burn’, 
      OHG asca, OE asce, Goth. azgō, ON aska, etc., Skt. 
      āsa- ‘ashes, dust’, Arm. ačium ‘ashes’. Falk-Torp. 35. Feist 72. 
      Walde-H. 1.65. -->
  <!-- Buck 15.84: siccus, āridus. -->
</word>

<word sem="DULL">
  <pron r="1">heb</pron>
    <!-- EM “hebeo”. Walde 349. 
      Buck 15.79.2: hebes.  Ringe 1992: /hebes, hebet-/. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1">tund</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.79.2: obtūsus, fr. obtundere ‘beat’. OLD1229.  -->
  <!-- Buck 15.79: hebes, obtūsus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DUST">
  <pron r="1">pulw</pron>
    <!-- “-w-” ext. of “pel” ‘dust’.
      Pokorny 802.  EM “puluis”. Walde 60*.   Watkins “pel-1”.
      Buck 1.213: pulvis, pulveris, source of It. polvere, OFr. pouldre, 
      Fr. poudre ‘powder’, Rum. pulbere, Sp. pólvora ‘gunpowder’; VLat. *pulvus
      becomes OSp. polvos, Sp. polvo, Cat. pols, OFr. *pous, whence Fr. 
      poussière : Lat. pollen, Grk. πάλη, παιπάλη ‘fine meal, fine dust’, Lat. 
      puls, Grk. πόλπος ‘porridge’, etc. Walde-P. 2.60, Ernout-M. 785, 824. 
      REW 6842. Gamillscheg 714. Buck 1.84: prob : ‘ashes’ in ChSl. popelŭ, 
      Lith. pelenai.
      Ringe 1992: /pulwis, pulwer-/.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.213: pulvis, Fr. poussière, Sp. polvo, Rom. praf (from Slavic), 
    pulbere -->
</word>

<word sem="EAR">
  <pron r="1">aur</pron>
    <!-- Earlier dual *“ausi”, root “ōus”. Possibly related to
      “audio” ‘hear’. Pokorny 785.  EM “auris”. Walde 18.
      Watkins “ous-”. 
      Buck 4.22: Lat. auris. 
      Ringe 1992: /auris/. (FRE “or(eille)”.) (cf. “aus-culto”
      ‘obey’) (ALB “vesh”, ENG “ear”, GER “Ohr”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="EARTH">
  <pron r="1">terː</pron>
    <!-- From *“tersā”, PIE root “ters” ‘dry’.  EM
      “terra”.  Pokorny 1078. Sihler 504.  Walde 738.  Watkins “ters-”.
      Buck 1.21: terra (Osc. teerúm, terúm ‘territory’), prob. fr. *tersā- 
      : torrēre ‘dry up, parch’, Grk. τέρσομαι ‘dry up’, Skt. tṛṣ- ‘be thirst’,
      Goth. ga-þairsan ‘dry up, wither’, NE thirst, etc., in which case its 
      orig. meaning was ‘dry land’ vs. ‘sea’. Also Ir. tīr (‘land’ mainly in 
      sense e (territory)), W. tir, and the now obs, Br. tir. Walde-P. 1.737ff,
      Ernout-M. 1034f.  It. terra, Fr. terre, Sp. tierra; Rum. ţară now 
      mostly ‘country’).
      Ringe 1992: /terra/.  (FRE “terre”).  (Eng. “thirst”) -->
  <pron r="2">sol</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.21: solum ‘bottom, base, sole (of foot or shoe)’, and esp. 
      ‘ground, soil’) (It. suolo, Fr. sol, etc.; lent to Eng. soil), root 
      doubtful. -->
  <pron r="3">telː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.21: tellus (poet.) = Ir. talam, tīr, Skt, tala- ‘surface, 
      bottom, plain’, ChSl. tĭlo, SCr. tlo ‘ground’, etc. Sense b. 
      Walde-P. 1.740, Pedersen 1.132. -->
  <pron r="4">hum</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.21: humus, mostly meaning the solid surface of the earth,
         humī ‘on the ground’, humilis ‘low’. IE *dheghom- -->
  <!-- Buck 1.21: terra, tellus, humus. It. terra, Fr. terre, Sp. tierra, 
       Rum. pamînt (fr. Lat. pavīmentum ‘floor, pavement’) (uscat ‘dry land’ 
       is from ‘dry’.)  -->
</word>

<word sem="EAT">
  <pron r="1">ed</pron>
    <!-- PIE “H₁ed” ‘eat’. EM
      “edo”.  Pokorny 287.  Sihler 148.  Walde 118.   Watkins “ed-”.
      Buck 5.11: ēsse, edere. Ringe 1992: /edere/.  (ENG “eat”, GER
      “essen”, prob. Lat. “dens”, Ger. “Zahn”, Eng. “tooth”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="EGG">
  <pron r="1" redund="BIRD1" deriv="1">oːw</pron>
    <!-- PIE “oH₂wyom”, based on “H₂awi-” ‘bird’. Pokorny 784.
      EM “auis”.  Sihler 44. Walde 21. Buck 4.48: ōvum. 
      Ringe 1992: /ōwom/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="EYE">
  <pron r="1">ok</pron>
    <!-- PIE “okʷ-olos”, root “H₃okw-” ‘eye’.  Pokorny
      776. EM “oculus”.  Sihler 42.  Walde 170.   Watkins “okʷ-”. 
      Buck 4.21: oculus. Ringe 1992: /okulus/.  (ENG “eye”, GER “Auge”; perhaps
      ALB “sy”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="FALL">
  <pron r="1">kad</pron>
    <!-- PIE “k̑ad” ‘fall’.
      Pokorny 516.  EM “cado”.  Walde 339.  Watkins “kad-”.
      Buck 10.23: cadere. [Imit.?] 
      Ringe 1992: /kadere/.  (Fre. “choir”.)  Lubotsky (p. 55) has “k̑aH₂d”.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FAR">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">pro</pron>
    <!-- procul. First element is PIE “pro” ‘forwards’, root “per”. Second
      element is obscure; cf. “simul”.  Pokorny  815. EM
      “procul”. Walde 517. Watkins “per-1”.  
      Buck 12.44.2: pro-cul.  
      Ringe 1992: /prokul/. as in “prope” ‘near’, Alb. “se-p-se”,
      Fre. “par(ce que)” ‘because’, ENG, GER. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1" redund="LONG1">loŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.44.2: longē, fr. ‘LONG’. OLD1041c: longinquus, fr. longe. -->
  <!-- Buck 12.44.2: pro-cul, longē (‘long’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="FAT">
  <pron r="1">adep</pron>
    <!-- EM “adeps”. Ringe 1992 has /adeps/. -->
</word>

<word sem="FATHER">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">pa</pron>
    <!-- PIE “pə₂tḗr”.  Suffix “H₂ter” ‘kinsman’ on
      nursery word “pa”.  Pokorny 829.  EM “pater”.  Sihler 99,
      118. Walde 4*.  Watkins “pəter-”.
    Buck 2.35: Lat. pater (fr. IE nursery word *pā), 
    It. padre, babbo (nursery word), Fr. père, Sp. padre, 
    Rum. tată (nursery word)  -->
</word>

<word sem="FEAR">
  <pron r="1">tim</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.53.3: timor, vb. timēre. -->
  <pron r="2">met</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.53.3: metus -->
  <pron r="3">paw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.53.3: pavor, orig. ‘shaking’. -->
  <pron r="4">terː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.53.2: terror.  -->
  <!-- Buck 16.53: timor, metus, pavor, terror.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FEATHER">
  <pron r="1" deriv="0.5" redund="WING2">pesn</pron>
    <!-- Earlier “pesna”, *“petsnaH₂”, PIE root “pet” ‘fly, fall’.
      Pokorny 826.  EM “penna”. Sihler 209.  Walde 21*.  Watkins “pet-”.
      Buck 4.392: penna ‘wing, feather’. 393: plūma denotes the fine, soft 
      feathers covering the body. OLD1324c. -->
</word>

<word sem="FIGHT">
  <pron r="1" deriv="0.7" motiv="1">puɡn</pron>
    <!-- “Pugnus” ‘fist’, PIE
      “pug̑-no-”, root “p(e)ug̑” ‘prick, box’. Could this be
      an ext. of a natural expressive sound, “pu”, like Eng. “pow!”?
      Pokorny 828. EM “pugnus”, “pungo”.  Sihler 512.  Walde
      15*. Watkins “peuk-”. 
      Buck 20.11.2: pugnāre, orig. ‘strike with the fist’, 
      fr. pugnus ‘fist’. Ringe 1992: /pugnāre/.  -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="0.3">proel</pron>
    <!-- Buck 20.11.2: proeliārī, fr. proelium ‘battle’.  -->
  <!-- Buck 20.11: pugnāre, proeliārī. -->
</word>

<word sem="FIRE">
  <pron r="1">iɡn</pron>
    <!-- PIE “egnis”.  Pokorny 293.  EM “ignis”. Walde 323.
      Watkins “egni-”. 
      Buck 1.81: Lat. ignis, Lith. ugnis, Lett. uguns, ChSl. ognĭ, general 
       Balto-Slavic, Skt. agni-.  IE *egni-, *ogni-(?). Walde-P. 1.323. 
       Ernout-M. 473. Walde-H. 1.676.  Ringe 1992: /ignis/. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.81: ignis, It. fuoco, Fr. feu, Sp. fuego, Rum. foc (Lat. focus 
    ‘fireplace, hearth’.)  -->
</word>

<word sem="FISH">
  <pron r="1">pisk</pron>
    <!-- PIE root “peisk”, though the “k” may be an
      extension. Pokorny 796.  EM “piscis”.  Walde 11*.  Kluge “Fisch”.  
      Buck 3.65: Lat. piscis, Ir. īasc, NIr. iasg, 
      Goth. fisk, all the Gmc. words. 
      Walde-P. 2.11. Pokorny, KZ 54.307. Cuny, Mélanges Glotz, 268f.
      Ringe 1992: /piskis/.  (ENG “fish”, GER “Fisch”). -->
  <!-- Buck 3.65: Lat. piscis, It. pesce, Fr. poisson, Sp. pez, Rum. peşte  -->
</word>

<word sem="FIVE">
  <pron r="1">kʷiːŋkʷe</pron>
    <!-- quinque. Proto-Italic “kʷenkʷe” (the
      /iː/ from “quīntus” ‘fifth’), Italo-Celtic
      assim. from PIE “penkʷe”.  Pokorny 808.  EM “quinque”.
      Sihler 413. Walde 25*.  
      Ringe 1992: /kwīnkwe/.  (ALB “pesë”, ENG “five”, GER
      “fünf”). -->
</word>

<word sem="FLOW">
  <pron r="1">flu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.32: fluere. 
      Source of “flumen” ‘river’,
      Fre. “fleuve” ‘river’.  Because there is a PIE root for ‘flow’
      (“sreu”) that would give Lat. *“fruit”, some see a crossing with
      some such word as “pluit” ‘rain’.
      Or it could be a direct outcome of a “bhleugʷ” ‘inflate’, root
      “bhleu-”.  Pokorny 159, 121.  EM “fluo”.
      Sihler 214.  Walde 214*.  Watkins “bhleu-”.
      Ringe 1992: /fluere/. If that’s an ext. of “bhel” ‘blow’,
      then “flo”, Ger. “blasen”, Eng. “blow” are connected, and
      possibly “folium” ‘leaf’, “flos” ‘flower’.   -->
</word>

<word sem="FLOWER">
  <pron r="1" redund="LEAF1">floːs</pron>
    <!-- PIE “bhlōs”, root “bhel” ‘bloom’.  Possibly connected to
      “bhel” ‘inflate, blow’, which may be connected to Lat. “fluo”
      ‘flow’. Pokorny 122.  EM “flos”.  Sihler 310.  Walde 177*.  
      Buck 8.57: flōs. 
       Ringe 1992: /flōs, flōr-/.  (GER “Blume”)
      (“folium”, Ger. “Blatt”, ‘leaf’, possibly Lat. “flavus” ‘yellow’)
      (“flo”, Ger. “blasen”, Eng. “blow”) (“flumen”, 
      Fre. “fleuve” ‘river’). -->
</word>

<word sem="FLY">
  <pron r="1">wol</pron>
    <!-- PIE “gʷel”.  Tucker.  EM “uolo”.  Watkins “gʷel-”.
      Buck 10.37: volāre.  Ringe 1992: /wolāre/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FOG">
  <pron r="1">neb</pron>
    <!-- PIE “nebh-elā”, root “nebh”. EM suggest
      the possibility of an irregular connection with “nubes”
      ‘cloud’. Pokorny 315. EM “nebula”. Sihler 147. Walde
      131. Watkins “nebh-”. 
      Buck 1.74: Lat. nebula (whence It. nebbia, OFr. nieble, Sp. niebla, 
      neblina, Rum. negură (blend with negru ‘black’), OHG nebul : Gr. νέφος 
      ‘cloud’.
      Buck 1.73: Grk. νέφος, νεφέλη, NG. νέφι, σύννεφο : Skt. nabhas- ‘mist,
      vapor’ (also ‘sky’), Lat. nebula ‘mist’, Lith. 
      debesis ‘cloud’, ChSl. nebo ‘sky’, etc., Skt. abhra-, Grk. ὄμβρος, Lat. 
      imber ‘shower’. IE *nebh-, *embh-, *m̥bh-. Walde-P. 1.131. 
      Ernout-M. 660f.
       Ringe 1992: /nebula/. 
     -->
  <!-- Buck 1.74 mist, fog, haze: Lat. nebula, It. nebbia, Fr. brouillard, 
    brume (fr. Lat brūma ‘winter’), Sp. niebla, neblina, bruma, Rum. ceaţă, 
    negură.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FOOT">
  <pron r="1">ped</pron>
    <!-- PIE “ped”.  Pokorny 790.  EM “pes”. Sihler 117.
      Walde 23*.   Watkins “ped-1”.
      Buck 4.37: pēs, pedis. 
      Ringe 1992: /pēs, ped-/.  (ENG “foot”, GER “Fuß”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="FOUR">
  <pron r="1">kʷatːwor</pron>
    <!-- quattuor. 
      PIE “kʷetwor”. Pokorny 643.  EM “quattuor”. Sihler 411.  Walde
      512.  Watkins “kʷetwer-”.
      OLD1545a: scanned as disyllabic.
      Ringe 1992 has /kwattuor/.   (ENG “four”, GER “vier”) -->
</word>

<word sem="FREEZE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="0.5" redund="ICE1">ɡel</pron>
    <!-- PIE “gel” ‘cold, freeze’.
      Pokorny 365. EM “gelu”.  Walde 622.  Watkins “gel-3”.
      Ringe 1992 has /gelāre/.  (GER “kalt”, ENG “cold”,
      probably Lat. “glacies” ‘ice’).
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FRUIT">
  <pron r="1">poːm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.71: pōmum.
      Tucker suggests a connection with “poH₃” ‘drink’, the root
      of “bibo”.  EM “pomus”. Ringe 1992 has /pōmum/.  Unknown. -->
  <pron r="2" loan="1">maːl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.71: mālum (from Greek). OLD1060b. -->
  <!-- Buck 5.71: pōmum, mālum (from Greek). frūctus ‘product, fruit’ 
     fr. fruī ‘enjoy’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FULL">
  <pron r="1">pleː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.21.1: plēnus. 
      PIE root “pleH₁” ‘fill, pour’, perhaps from “pel” ‘flow’.
      Pokorny 799. EM “plē”.  Sihler 126.  Walde 64*. 
      Ringe 1992 has /plēnus/.  (ALB “plot”, ENG “full”,
      GER “voll” ‘full’)  (“pluvia” ‘rain’, Ger. “viele” ‘many’).
      OLD1390a: cf. pleō ‘fill’. -->
</word>

<word sem="GIVE">
  <pron r="1">da</pron>
    <!-- Buck 11.21.1: dare. PIE “dH₃-”, root “doH₃”. EM “do”. Pokorny
      224. Sihler 544.  Walde 815. Watkins “dō-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /dare/. -->
</word>

<word sem="GOOD">
  <pron r="1">dwen</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.71.3: bonus, OLat duenos, duonus.
      OLat. “duenos”, PIE “dw-enos”, root “deu”
      ‘revere’. Pokorny 218.  EM “bonus”.  Sihler 41. Walde 778.
      Watkins “deu-2”.
      Ringe 1992 has /bonus/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GRASS">
  <pron r="1">ɡraː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.51: grāmen.
      *“Grasmen”, from PIE “gras”
      ‘graze’.  Possibly a desiderative of “gʷerH₁” ‘swallow’.
      Pokorny 404, 474. EM “gramen”. 
      Sihler 153.  Walde 645. Watkins “gras-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /grāmen/.   (Alb. “zorrë” ‘guts’)  -->
  <!-- Buck 8.51: herba. OLD791a ‘small plant or herb’. -->
  <!-- Buck 8.51: herba, grāmen.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GREEN">
  <pron r="1">wir</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.68.3: viridis, fr. virēre ‘be green’. 
      Adj. in “-id-” from “vireo” ‘be
      green’, possibly PIE “weis” ‘sprout’.  Pokorny 1133.  EM
      “uireo”. Walde 242.  Watkins “[virēre]”.
      Ringe 1992 has /wiridis/. -->
</word>

<word sem="GUTS">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">in</pron>
    <!-- SWL: intestina. 
      From “intus”, PIE “entos”, from “en”.  EM “in”.  Pokorny
      313.  Sihler 246. Walde 127. Watkins “en”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /intestīna/.  (Lat., Ger., Eng. “in”,
      Alb. “në” ‘at’, ‘in’). -->
  <pron r="1">wisk</pron>
    <!-- Rea: viscera. -->
</word>

<word sem="HAIR"> <!-- of human head -->
  <pron r="1">kap</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.14: Lat. capillus (whence It. capello, Fr. cheveu, 
      Sp. cabello), etym. dub. Walde-P. 1.347. Ernout-M. 147. Walde-H. 158. 
      SWL: Looks very much like it has a relationship to “caput”
      ‘head’, but no satisfactory explanation  of exactly how.  EM
      “capillus”.  Pokorny 530. Tucker 45.  Walde 347. -->
  <pron r="2">kriː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.14: Lat. crīnis (whence It. crine (lit.)), fr. *cris-ni-
      : Lat. crista ‘tuft of hair on animal head’, OE hrisian ‘shake’. 
      Walde-P. 2.572. Ernout-M. 233. Walde-H. 1.292. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.14: Lat. capillus, crīnis, coma (loan from Grk.), 
    It. capello, Fr. cheveu, 
    Sp. pelo, cabello, Rum. păr; animal’s: Lat. pilus, It. pelo, Fr. poil. -->
</word>

<word sem="HAND">
  <pron r="1">man</pron>
    <!--Ringe 1992 has /manus/.
      PIE “r/n” stem “mH”.  EM
      “manus”.  Pokorny 740.  Walde 272*.  Watkins “man-2”.
      Buck 4.33: manus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAD">
  <pron r="1">kap</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.20: caput. 
      PIE “kap-ot” ‘head’, root “kap”. Pokorny 529. EM
      “caput”. Walde 346.  Watkins “kaput”.
      Ringe 1992 has /kaput/. (Fre. “chef”).  (ENG “head”,
      Ger. “Haupt”). -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAR">
  <pron r="1" deriv="0.5" redund="EAR1">aud</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.41.3: audīre, perhaps related to auris ‘EAR’.
      PIE “awizdh-”, root “aw” ‘perceive’.  Pokorny 78. EM
      “audio”.  Walde 17.  Watkins “au-5”.
      Ringe 1992 has /audīre/. (Fre. “ouïr”.)  -->
</word>

<word sem="HEART">
  <pron r="1">kord</pron>
    <!-- PIE “k̑r̥d”, root “k̑erd”. EM
      “cor”. Pokorny  579.  Sihler 94.  Walde 423. Watkins “kerd-1”. 
      Buck 4.44: cor.
      Ringe 1992 has /kor, kord-/. (FRE “cœur”).  (ENG “heart”, GER
      “Herz”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAVY">
  <pron r="1">ɡraw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.81: gravis. PIE root “gʷerH₂”.  EM
      “grauis”. Pokorny 476.  Sihler 95.  Walde 685. 
      Ringe 1992 has /grawis/. “gʷr̥H₂us”;
      Fischer (MSS 41.33-4) treats as i-stem transform of 
      *“graus” from PIE “gʷreH₂-us-”.   -->
  <!-- Buck 15.81: gravis; archaic: brūtus, loan fr. Osc.-Umbr.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HIT">
  <pron r="1">fer</pron>
    <!--  Buck 9.21: ferīre.  9.23: related to fricāre ‘rub’.
       PIE “bher” ‘apply a sharp tool to’. Pokorny 134.  Walde 160*.
       Ringe 1992 has /ferīre/.  (Eng. “bore”; possibly
        ext. “bhrēi”, “frico” ‘rub’). -->
  <pron r="2">fend</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.76: of-fendere ‘strike’.  -->
  <pron r="3">kelː</pron>
    <!--  Buck 9.21: percellere, esp. ‘strike down’. -->
  <pron r="4">tund</pron>
    <!--  Buck 9.21: tundere  -->
  <pron r="5">iːk</pron>
    <!--  Buck 9.21: īcere (rare and arch, except for pple. ictus)  -->
  <pron r="6">kaed</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.76, 9.22: caedere ‘cut, strike’, also ‘kill’ 
      (esp. in occīdere).  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.21: ferīre, percutere (fr. quatere ‘shake’), caedere, 
    percellere, tundere, battuere (perh. Gall. loanword [imit.]).
    Buck 4.76: of-fendere ‘strike’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HOLD">  <!-- in hand -->
  <pron r="1">ten</pron>
    <!-- Buck 11.15.2: tenēre.
      Stative suffix “ē” on PIE root “ten” ‘stretch’.  EM
      “teneo”.  Pokorny 1066.  Walde 723.  Watkins “ten-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /tenēre/.  (“tenuis”, Ger. “dünn”,
      Eng. “thin”; Fre. “entends” ‘hear’, “maintenant” ‘now’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="HORN">
  <pron r="1">korn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.17: Lat. cornū, IE root *k̑er- 
      Walde-P. 1.403ff. Ernout-M. 221f. Walde-H. 1.276. 
      PIE “kr̥n-”, see ENG. EM “cornu”.  Sihler 323. Walde 406.
      Ringe 1992 has /kornū/. -->
</word>

<word sem="HUNT">
  <pron r="1">weːn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.79: Lat. vēnārī, whence Rum. vîna, prob. : Skt. van- ‘seek’, 
      OE winnan ‘strive’. Walde-P. 1.230. Ernout-M. 1085. 
      PIE “wēnā-”, root “wen” ‘strive’. Pokorny 1147.
      EM “venor”.  Walde 230.  Watkins “wen-1”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /wēnārī/. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1">sek</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.79: Lat. sectārī (from ‘follow’) -->
  <!-- Buck 3.79: Lat. vēnārī, sectārī (from ‘follow’), 
    It. cacciare, Fr. chasser, Sp. cazar, montear, Rum. vîna  -->
</word>

<word sem="HUSBAND">
  <pron r="1">mariː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.31: Lat. marītus (whence It. marito, Fr. mari, Sp. marido) 
      : Skt. marya- ‘young man’, Lith. marti ‘bride’. Walde-P. 2.281. 
      Ernout-M. 593. Walde-H. 2.40f.
     “-to-” suffix (‘provided
      with’) on PIE “meri”, “mari” ‘young woman’. Pokorny 739.  EM
      “maritus”.  Walde 281*.  Watkins “mari-”. 
     Ringe 1992 has /marītus/.  -->
  <!-- Buck 2.31: Lat. vir (= MAN), marītus (coniux = ‘joined together’), 
    It. marito, sposo (fr. spōnsus ‘betrothed’), 
    Fr. mari, époux (fr. spōnsus ‘betrothed’), Sp. marido (esposo), 
    Rum. soţ (fr. socius ‘companion’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="ICE">
  <pron r="1">ɡl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.77: Lat. glaciēs (VLat. glacia whence It. ghiaccia, now 
      ghiaccio, Fr. glace, Rum. ghiaţă) : gelu ‘icy cold’ (whence Sp. hielo 
      ‘ice’), adj. gelidus, Goth. kalds ‘cold’. Walde-P. 1.622, 612. Ernout-M. 
      412, 423. REW 3718, 3771.
      PIE “gel” ‘cold, freeze’. Pokorny 365.  EM “glacies”.
       Walde 622. Watkins “gel-3”. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.77: Lat. glaciēs, It. ghiaccio, Fr. glace, Sp. hielo, Rum. 
    ghiaţă  -->
</word>

<word sem="KILL">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">fak</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.76: interficere (fr. ‘deprive’)
      Base is weakened form of “facio” ‘do,
      put’, PIE “dhə₁kyo”, root “dheH₁” ‘place’.
      EM “facio”.  Pokorny 736.  Watkins “dhē-1”.
      Ringe 1992 has /interfikere/. Prefix “inter” is ultimately
      connected with “in”, q.v.  (Eng. “do”) -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1" redund="HIT6">kaed</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.76: occidere (caedere ‘cut, strike,
     kill’) -->
  <pron r="3">nek</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.76: necāre -->
  <!-- Buck 4.76: interficere (fr. ‘deprive’), occidere (caedere ‘cut, strike,
     kill’), necāre. See also HIT KILL  -->
</word>

<word sem="KNEE">
  <pron r="1">ɡen</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.36: genū. 
      PIE “g̑enu” ‘knee’.  Possibly connected to “g̑enH” ‘be
      born’.  EM “genu”.  Pokorny 381. Sihler 67, 320.  Walde
      586. Watkins “genu-1”.
      Ringe 1992 has /genū/.   (ENG “knee”, OHG “Knie”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="KNIFE">
  <pron r="1">kul</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.23: culter. 
      “kel-tro-”, PIE root
      “(s)kel” ‘cut’. Is there some connection with “(s)ker” ‘cut’?
      Some posit a dissimilation. EM “culter”.  Pokorny 924. Walde
      592*.  Watkins “skel-1”.  Ringe 1992 has /kulter, kultro-/. -->
</word>

<word sem="KNOW">  <!-- facts -->
  <pron r="1">skiː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 17.17.4: scīre.
      PIE “skei” ‘cut’, extension of “sek” (Lat. “seco”
      ‘cut’). EM “scio”.  Pokorny 919. Walde 542*. 
      Ringe 1992 has /skīre/. -->
  <!-- Buck 17.17: scīre; ‘be acquainted with’: nōscere, cognōscere.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LAKE">
  <pron r="1">lak</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.33: Lat. lacus ‘basin, tank, lake’ (whence It., Sp. lago, Fr., 
      Rum. lac; Fr to ME lac, NE lake): Ir. loch ‘lake, pool’, OE lagu, ON  
      lǫgr ‘sea, water’: Lat. lacūna ‘hole, pit’, Grk. λάκκος, all prob. from  
      ‘hole’. Walde-P. 2.380. Ernout-M. 517. Walde-H. 1.748. Pedersen 1.361.   
      PIE “laku”.  Pokorny 653.  EM “lacus”.  Walde 380*.
     Watkins “laku-”. 
     Ringe 1992 has /lakus/. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.33: Lat. lacus, It. lago, Fr. lac, Sp. lago, Rum. lac  -->
</word>

<word sem="LAUGH">
  <pron r="1">riːd</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.25.3: rīdēre; also ‘smile’.
      Perhaps PIE “wrizd”, “-d-” present of s-extension of “wrei”,
      an extension of “wer” ‘turn’.  Pokorny 1158.  EM
      “rideo”. Walde 277. Ringe 1992 has /rīdēre/. (Lat. “vermis”,
      Ger. “Wurm”, Eng. “worm”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="LEAF">
  <pron r="1">foli</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.56: folium.
      PIE “bholyom”, root “bhel” ‘bloom’.  See GER.  Pokorny 122.
      EM “folium”, “flos”.  Sihler 42. Walde 176*. 
      Ringe 1992 has /folium/. (Lat. “flos”, Ger. “Blume”,
      ‘flower’, GER “Blatt”, possibly 
      Lat. “flavus” ‘yellow’)  -->
</word>

<word sem="LEFT">
  <pron r="1">sin</pron>
    <!-- Buck. 12.42.2: sinister, prob. euphemism.
      Double comparative,
      base would be “sen” or “sin”, perhaps connected to “sen-” ‘old’
      as in Provençal “ma sanega”. Pokorny 1147.  EM “sinister”.
      Sihler 40.  
      Ringe 1992 has /sinister, sinistro/. -->
  <pron r="2">laew</pron>
    <!-- Buck. 12.42.1: laevus  -->
  <pron r="3">skaew</pron>
    <!-- Buck. 12.42.1: scaevus  -->
  <!-- Buck. 12.42: sinister, laevus, scaevus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LEG">
  <pron r="1">kruːs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.35: crūs.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LIE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="THROW1">jak</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.14.3: iacēre (fr. ‘be thrown down’).
      “ē”-stative of “iacio” ‘throw’, i.e. ‘be thrown
      down’, PIE “yak-”, root “yeH₁”. EM “iaceo”.  Tucker.
      Walde 199.  Watkins “yē-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /yakēre/.  -->
  <pron r="2">kub</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.14.3: cubāre. -->
  <!-- Buck 12.14.3: iacēre (fr. ‘be thrown down’), cubāre.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LIVE">
  <pron r="1">wiːw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.74: vīvere.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LIVER">
  <pron r="1">jek</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.45: iecur, later iocur, gen. -oris, -inoris. 
      PIE r/n stem, nom. “yekʷr̥(t)s”, root
      “yekʷ”. EM “iecur”. Pokorny 504.  Sihler 790, 300.  Walde 205. -->
</word>

<word sem="LONG">
  <pron r="1">loŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.57.2: longus. 
      A PIE form like “dloH₃nghos” would
      tie LAT, ENG and GER together with ALB. Root would be “del”.
      Pokorny 197. EM “longus”.  Sihler 210.  Walde 813.  Watkins
      “del-1”. Ringe 1992 has /longus/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LOUSE">
  <pron r="1">peːd</pron>
    <!-- SWL: pediculus. Diminutive of “pēdis”.  Perhaps PIE “pezd”.  EM
      “pedis”.  Pokorny 829.  Walde 68*. Ringe 1992 has /pēdikulus/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MAN">  <!-- adult male human -->
  <pron r="1">wir</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.21: Lat. vir, Umbr. uiro (acc. pl.); Ir. fer, NIr fear, W. 
      gwr, MBr. gour (now ‘no one’); Goth. wair (ON verr ‘husband’), OE wer 
      (old Gmc. word, but now obs. except in cpds., as NE werewolf, NHG 
      wergeld; also NE world, etc.); Lith. vyras, Lett. vīrs; Skt., Av. 
      vīra-. Buck 1.1: ON verǫld, OE weorold, OHG weralt, a cpd. of wer ‘man’ 
      and ‘old’. 
     PIE “wīros”, root perhaps “weiH” ‘vital
      force’. EM “uir”.  Pokorny 1128.  Sihler 70. Walde 
      315.  Watkins “wī-ro-”. -->
  <!-- Buck 2.21: Lat. vir, It. uomo, Fr. homme, Sp. hombre, varón (LLat. 
    barōn-, fr. Gmc. word ‘fighter’), Rum. bărbat (fr. Lat. barbātus 
    ‘bearded’), om  -->
</word>

<word sem="MANY">
  <pron r="1">mult</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.15: multus in pl. (sg. ‘much’). 
      PIE “ml̥t-”, root “mel” ‘big’. EM “multus”.
      Pokorny 720.  Walde 292*.  Watkins “mel-4”. Ringe 1992 has /multī/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MEAT">
  <pron r="1">karn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.61, 4.13: carō, gen. carnis.
      Originally ‘a slice of meat’, n-extension of PIE root
      “(s)ker-” ‘cut’.  EM “caro”.  Pokorny 939.  Sihler 295.
      Walde 575*. Watkins “sker-1”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /karō, karn-/. as in “cortex”,
      Fre. “écorce” ‘bark’, Eng. “short”, Ger. “scharf”,
      Eng. “sharp”.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MOON">
  <pron r="1">luːn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.53: Lat. lūna, fr. *leuksnā- (cf. Praen. losna) : Lat. lūx, 
      lūmen ‘light’, Grk. λευκός ‘bright’, Av. raoxšnā- ‘light’. Here also as 
      ‘moon’, ChSl., Russ. luna, Arm. lusin, Ir. luan. Walde-P. 2.408ff. 
      Ernout-M. 570ff. From Lat. lūna come It., Sp. luna, Fr. lune, and Rum. 
      lună, the last also ‘month’ because of Slavic měsęcĭ. 
     PIE “louksnaH₂-”, root “leuk” ‘shine’. Pokorny 687.
      EM “luc-”. Sihler 56. Walde 409*. Watkins “leuk-”. 
     Ringe 1992 has /lūna/.  (Eng. “light”) -->
  <!-- Buck 1.53: Lat. lūna, It. Luna, Fr. lune, Sp. luna, Rum. lună  -->
</word>

<word sem="MOTHER">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">maː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.36: Lat. māter (fr. IE *mā́ter-, prob. from nursery word), 
    It. madre, mamma (nursery word), Fr. mère, Sp. madre, 
    Rum. mamă.
    PIE “maH₂ter”, see ENG. Pokorny 700, 694.  EM “mater”.
      Sihler 50, 293. Walde 229*.   Watkins “māter-”. 
    Ringe 1992 has /māter, mātr/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MOUNTAIN">
  <pron r="1">mont</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.22: mōns, montis, whence It. monte, etc. : W. mynydd, Av. mati-
     ‘mountain top’, from root in Lat. -minēre ‘stand out, project’, minae 
     ‘projecting points, threats’. Walde-P. 2.263. Ernout-M. 628 f.
     PIE “monti-”, root “men” ‘be prominent’. EM “mons”.
      Pokorny 726.  Sihler 316. Walde 263*. Watkins “men-2”.
     Ringe 1992 has /mōns, mont-/.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.22: mōns; collis, clīvus ‘hill’; It. montagna, monte; 
    collina, colle; Fr. montagne, mont; colline; Sp. montaña; colina, cerro; 
    Rum. munte; deal, colina. Collis is from *colnis = Lith. kalnas ‘mountain’
    from IE *kel- ‘raise’. Romance forms are from Lat. adj. montānus, VLat. 
    *montāneus, neut. pl. *montānea. Clīvus ‘slope, hill’ from *klei ‘incline’.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="MOUTH">
  <pron r="1" motiv="0.7">oːs</pron>
  <!-- Buck 4.24: ōs. [Symbolic labial?]. Rōstrum properly applies only to 
    animals. 
    PIE “oH₁s”. EM “os”.  Pokorny 784.  Sihler 49.  Walde
      168.  Watkins  “ōs-”.  Ringe 1992 has /ōs, ōr-/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="NAME">
  <pron r="1">noːmɛn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.28: nōmen. 
      PIE “H₁noHmn̥”, root “H₁noH”.  EM “nomen”.  Pokorny
      321. Sihler 85, 297.  Walde 132. Ringe 1992 has /nōmen/.  Same
      root “H₁noH” as ENG, GER, ALB -->
</word>

<word sem="NARROW">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">aŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.62.1: angustus. Cf. angere ‘strangle’.
     PIE “H₂ang̑hostos”, root
      “H₂ang̑h”.  EM “ango”.  Pokorny
      43. Sihler 62.  Walde 62.  Watkins “angh-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /angustus/.  (GER “eng”). -->
</word>

<word sem="NEAR">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="FAR1">pro</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.43.2: prope.
      Assim. form of PIE “prokʷe”, base “pro”, root “per”
      ‘forward’. EM “prope”.  Pokorny 810. Walde 47*.  Watkins
      “per-1”. Ringe 1992 has /prope/.  (“procul” ‘far’, Eng. “far”,
      Ger. “fern” ‘far’, Fre. “par(ce que)” ‘because’). -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1">juk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.43.2: juxtā (fr. iungere ‘join’).  -->
  <!-- Buck 12.43: prope, juxtā (fr. iungere ‘join’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="NECK">
  <pron r="1">kolː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.28: collum.  PIE “kʷolso-”, root “kʷel” ‘turn’.  EM “collum”.
      Pokorny 639.  Walde 434.  Watkins “kʷel-1”.
      Ringe 1992 has /kollum/.  (GER “Hals”)  -->
  <pron r="2">kerw</pron>
    <!-- OLD305c: ceruix, -īcis. -->
</word>

<word sem="NEW">
  <pron r="1">now</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.13.1a: novus. PIE “newos”, base “new”, see ENG.  EM
      “nouus”.  Pokorny 769, 770.  Sihler 174. Walde 324*.  Watkins
      “newo-”. Ringe 1992 has /nowos/.  (ENG “new”, GER “neu”). -->
</word>

<word sem="NIGHT">
  <pron r="1">nokt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.42.1: nox, noctis. 
      PIE “nokʷt-”, root “nekʷ” ‘get dark’.  EM “nox”.  Pokorny
      762.  Sihler 113, 282.  Walde 338*.  Watkins “nekʷ-t-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /noks, nokt-/. -->
</word>

<word sem="NOSE">
  <pron r="1" motiv="0.5">naːs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.23: nāsus, also pl. nārēs ‘nostrils, nose’. Imitative /n/?
       PIE “naH₂s-”. EM “nasus”.  Pokorny 755.  Walde 318*.
       Ringe 1992 has /nāsus/. -->
</word>

<word sem="NOW">
  <pron r="1" redund="NEW1">nun</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.18.1: nunc, rel, to novus ‘NEW’.
      From “nun-ce”, PIE “nu” ‘now’. Pokorny 770.
      EM “num”.  Walde 340*. 
      Ringe 1992 has /nunk/.   (ENG “now”, GER “nun”,
      Lat. “novus”, Ger. “neu”, Eng. “new”). -->
</word>

<word sem="OLD">
  <pron r="1">wet</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.15.2: vetus, vetustus.
      PIE “wet-es-”, root “wet” ‘year’.  EM “uetus”.  Pokorny
      1175.  Sihler 353.  Walde 251.  Watkins “wet-2”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /wetus, weter-/. -->
  <pron r="2">sen</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.15.1: senex (mostly of persons). -->
  <!-- Buck 14.15: vetus, senex.  -->
</word>

<word sem="ONE">
  <pron r="1">oin</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.32: ūnus, OLat oinos, oenus.
      OLat, PIE “oinos”, base “oi”, root “i”.  Pokorny 281. EM
      “unus”. Tucker. Sihler 405. Walde 101. Watkins “oi-no-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /ūnus/.  (ENG, GER) (“is” ‘he’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="OTHER">
  <pron r="1">al</pron>
    <!-- PIE “H₂alyos” ‘other’, root “H₂al” ‘beyond’.  EM
      “alius”.  Pokorny 25.  Sihler 206. Walde 86. Watkins “al-1”.
      Ringe 1992 has /alius/.  (Fre. “autre”, Eng., Ger. “all”, perhaps
      “illud” ‘that’). Also “alter”. -->
</word>

<word sem="PERSON">
  <pron r="1">hem</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.1: Lat. homō (whence It. uomo, Fr. homme, etc.), OLat. hemo, 
      Osc. humuns ‘homines’; Ir. duine, W. dyn, Br.den; OLith. žmuo, OPruss. 
      smoy, Lith. žmogus, pl. žmonės; Goth. guma (translate ἀνήρ), ON gumi, 
      OE guma, OHG gomo (old Gmc. word, now only in cpds.like NHG bräutigam, 
      NE bridegroom fr. OE brydguma); Toch. B. śaumo, pl. šāmna : Lat. humus, 
      Grk. χθών, Lith. žemé ‘earth’. Walde-P. 1.663. Ernout-M. 457f. Walde-H. 
      1.654f. Pedersen 1.89. Vendryes, RC 40.437ff. 
      Buck 1.21: IE *g̑hem- and *g̑hðem-
      (Walde-P. 1.662f., Ernout-M. 464, Walde-H. 1.664f), cf. Hitt. tekan, 
      Toch. A tkaṃ ‘earth’ (suggesting IE *dheghom-, *dhghom- (Kretschmer, 
      Glotta 20.66f), Lat. humus, Ir. dū, Lith. žemė, Lett. zeme, OPruss. 
      semmin (acc. sg.), ChSl. zemlja, etc., general Balto-Slavic for ‘earth’ 
      and ‘land’; Skt. kṣam- (gen. usually jmas), Vedic and in sense b, esp. 
      ‘earth’ vs. ‘sky’; Av. zam- (gen. zemō = Skt. jmas) ‘earth’ in all 
      senses, Alb. dhe ‘earth’.
     OLat “hemo”, PIE “dg̑hmon” or “dg̑homon-”, root
      “deg̑hom” ‘earth’.  The adj. form is
      “hūmānus”, with unexplained stem vowel (*/oi/).
      EM “homo”.  Pokorny 415. Sihler 96, 49.  Walde 663.  Watkins “dhghem-”.
     Ringe 1992 has /homō, homin-/.  (FRE “humain”, ENG
      “human”). -->
  <!-- Buck 2.1 MAN (Human Being): Lat. homō, It. uomo, Fr. homme, Sp. hombre, 
    Rum. om. Rea: persōna. -->
</word>

<word sem="PLAY">
  <pron r="1">loid</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.26.2: lūdere, cf. lūdus ‘game, play’, old loidos, loedos.
      From “lūdus” ‘game’,
      perhaps PIE “loidos”, root “leid”.  Etruscan loans have also
      been hypothesized.  Pokorny 666.  EM “ludus”.
      Sihler 203.  Walde 402*. Watkins “leid-”.  Ringe 1992 has /lūdere/. -->
</word>

<word sem="PULL">
  <pron r="1">trah</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.33: trahere.
      Would reflect a PIE “tragh”, a theoretically illegal root
      shape. Pokorny 1089. EM “traho”. Sihler 148. Walde 752.
      Watkins “tragh-”.  Ringe 1992 has /trahere/. (Fre. “traire”).  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.33: trahere (dūcere, mostly ‘lead’ but also and orig. ‘draw’).
    -->
</word>

<word sem="PUSH">
  <pron r="1">truːd</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.67: trūdere. 
      PIE “treud” ‘squeeze’, perhaps ext. of “terH” ‘rub’.
      Pokorny 1095, 1071.  EM “trudo”.  Walde 755, 728.  Watkins
      “treud-”. Ringe 1992 has /trūdere/.  (“tergo” ‘wipe’, Eng. “throw”,
      Ger. “Därme” ‘guts’, “drücken” ‘press’)  -->
  <pron r="2">pelː</pron>
  <pron r="3">pul</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.67: impellere, pulsāre. -->
  <!-- Buck 10.67: trūdere, impellere, pulsāre. Rea: pellere.  -->
</word>

<word sem="RAIN">
  <pron r="1">plu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.75: Lat. pluvia (whence Romance words), with vb. pluit : Grk. 
      πλέω ‘sail’, Skt. plu- ‘float, swim, sail’, ChSl. pluti ‘sail’, OE 
      flōwan ‘flow’, etc. IE *pleu- ‘flow, float’. Walde-P. 2.94ff. Ernout-M. 
      781f. REW 6620.
     Verb “pluit” ‘it rains’, PIE root “pleu” ‘flow’.  Perhaps an
      extension of “pel” ‘flow, fill’.  Pokorny 835. EM “pluo”.
      Sihler 174.  Walde 94*, 55*, 56*. Watkins “pleu-”. 
     Ringe 1992 has /pluia/ (sic).  (Ger. “fließen”,
      Eng. “flow”; Ger. “fliegen”, Eng. “fly”)  (“plenus” ‘full’) -->
  <!-- Buck 1.75: pluvia, It. pioggia, Fr. pluie, Sp. lluvia, Rum. ploaie  -->
</word>

<word sem="RED">
  <pron r="1">rub</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.66.1: ruber (rufus, russus); cf. rubeus ‘reddish’.
     PIE “rudhro”, root “reudh” ‘red’. Pokorny 872. EM
      “ruber”. Sihler 148.  Walde 358*. Watkins “reudh-1”.
     Ringe 1992 has /ruber, rubro-/.   (GER “rot”, ENG “red”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="RIGHT">  <!-- correct. Is this supposed to be a variant of TRUE? -->
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="STRAIGHT1">reːkt</pron>
    <!-- OLD1586c: rectus, def. 9.
      Past. part. of “rego” ‘go in a straight line’, PIE root
      “reg̑”.  Pokorny 855.
      EM “rego”.  Sihler 85. Walde 363*.  Watkins “reg-1”. -->
</word>

<word sem="RIGHT">  <!-- dexter -->
  <pron r="1">dekster</pron>
    <!--Buck 12.41.1: dexter.
      PIE “dek̑siteros”, comp. from “dek̑s-”, perhaps
      root “dek̑” ‘take’. EM “dexter”.  Pokorny 190.  Sihler 68.
      Walde 784. Watkins “deks-”. Ringe 1992 has /dekster/.  (ALB “djathtë”)
      -->
</word>

<word sem="RIVER">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="FLOW1">flu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.36: Lat. fluvius (whence Fr. fleuve; Rum. fluviu neolog.), and 
    flūmen (whence It. fiume), both common words, fluvius preferred in earlier 
    writers; fr. fluere ‘FLOW’. Walde-P. 2.213. Ernout-M. 371. Walde-H. 
    1.519. Ringe 1992 has /flūmen/.  -->
  <pron r="2">amn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.36: Lat. amnis ‘river’ (poet.): Ir. ab, Lith. upė, from IE 
    *āp, ab ‘water’, Skt. āpas, etc. Walde-P. 1.46. Ernout-M. 45. Walde-H. 
    1.40. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.36 river; stream; brook: Lat. fluvius, flūmen (amnis); rīvus; 
    It. fiume; rivo; ruscello; Fr. fleuve; rivière; ruisseau; Sp. río; arroyo;
    Rum. fluviu, rîŭ; pîrîŭ.  -->
</word>

<word sem="ROAD">
  <pron r="1">wi</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.71: via. callis ‘path’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="ROOT">
  <pron r="1">raːd</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.54: rādīx. Cf, rāmus ‘branch’.
      PIE “wr̥H₂dīks”, root “wraH₂d”.  Pokorny
      1167.  EM “radix”.  Sihler 179.  Watkins “wrād-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /rādīks/.  (ALB
      “rrënjë”, GER “Wurzel”, ON “rót”). -->
</word>

<word sem="ROPE">
  <pron r="1">fuːn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: fūnis -->
  <pron r="2">rest</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: restis  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.19: fūnis, restis.  -->
</word>

<word sem="ROTTEN">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">pu</pron>
    <!-- SWL: putridus, “-id-” deverbative of “putreo”,
      from “puter”, PIE root “pu”, probably interjection of
      disgust. EM “puteo”.  Pokorny 849.  Walde 82.  Watkins
      “pū̆-”. -->
</word>

<word sem="ROUND">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">rot</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.81.2: rotundus, lit. ‘wheel-shaped’, ult. from rota.
     Participial “-ndo-” derivative of a *“rotor” ‘roll’, from
      “rota” ‘wheel’, PIE root “retH”.  EM “rota”.  Pokorny 866.
      Sihler 625.  Walde 368*.  Watkins “ret-”. Ringe 1992 has /rotundus/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="RUB">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="HIT1">fri</pron>
    <!--Buck 9.31: fricāre (see HIT, RUB), terere (trīvī, trītus). 
      “Frio” ‘pulverize’, PIE “bhreiH”, perhaps ext. of “bher”
      ‘apply a sharp tool to’. Pokorny 166.  EM “frico”.  Walde
      194*, 159*. Ringe 1992 has /frikāre/.  (“ferio” ‘hit’)  -->
  <pron r="2">ter</pron>
  <pron r="3">triː</pron>
    <!--Buck 9.31: terere (trīvī, trītus); mostly ‘thresh, wear out’.  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.31: fricāre, terere (trīvī, trītus).   -->
</word>

<word sem="SALT">
  <pron r="1">saːl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.81: sāl. PIE root noun “sal”, perhaps related to “sal” 
      ‘dirty  grey’.  Lubotsky (p. 60)
      follows Kortlandt in reconstructing PIE “saH₂l”.  Skeat. OED.
      Pokorny 878.  Watkins “sal-1”.. EM “sal”. Sihler 44.  Walde 452*. 
      Ringe 1992 has /sal/ (sic). -->
</word>

<word sem="SAND">
  <pron r="1">has</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.215: Lat. arēna (to It. rena, Fr. arène,Sp. arena), beside the 
      correct spelling harēna, fr. hasēna (gl.; cf. also Sabine fasēna (Varro),
      etym.? Ernout-M. 444. Walde-H. 1.634. REW 630.
      No known etymology, though “-ena” is apparently an Etruscan suffix.  -->
  <pron r="2">sab</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.215: Lat. sabulum (whence It. sabbia, Fr. sable) = Grk. 
      ψάμμος, ON sandr, OE sand, Arm. awaz. Connection obscure, 
      prob. fr. the root in  
      Grk. ψάω ‘rub, crumble’, ψῆφος ‘pebble’, etc. (Skt. bhas-, psā- ‘chew,  
      devour’, fr, ‘crush’). Kretschmer, KZ 31.420. Ernout-M. 881. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.215: (h)arēna, sabulum, It. sabbia, rena, Fr. sable, arène, 
     Sp. arena, Rum. nisip (from ChSl ‘powder’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="SAY">
  <pron r="1">diːk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.22.3: dīcere. PIE root “deik̑” ‘point’. EM “dix”.  Sihler 52.
      Walde 776, 772.  Ringe 1992 has /dīkere/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SCRATCH">   <!-- an itch  -->
  <pron r="1">skab</pron>
    <!-- Ringe 1992 has /skabere/.   (Eng. “shave”). 
      PIE “skab”. Pokorny 931. EM “scabo”.  Walde 562*. Watkins “skep-”.  -->
  <!--   -->
</word>

<word sem="SEA">
  <pron r="1">mar</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.32: Lat. mare, whence Romance words : Ir. muir, Goth. marei, 
      NHG meer, ChSl. morje, from IE *mari (or *mori). Walde-P. 2.234. 
      Ernout-M. 592.  Walde-H. 2.39f.
      PIE “mori”. Pokorny 748. EM “mare”.  Sihler 65. Walde
      234*. Watkins “mori-”. Ringe 1992 has /mare/. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1">aekʷ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.32: aequor, from aequus ‘level, flat’ -->
  <pron r="3" loan="1">pont</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.32: pontus, loan from Greek. -->
  <pron r="4" loan="1">pelaɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.32: pelagus, loan from Greek. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.32: Lat. mare (aequor, etc.), It. mare, Fr. mer, Sp. mar, Rum. 
    mare. -->
</word>

<word sem="SEE">
  <pron r="1">wid</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.51.1: vidēre. 
      PIE stative “wideH₁”, root “weid”.  EM “video”.  Pokorny
      1125. Sihler 178, 531. Walde 237.  Watkins “weid-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /widēre/.   (Ger. “wissen” ‘know’)  -->
</word>

<word sem="SEED">
  <pron r="1">seː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.31: sēmen.  
      PIE root “seH₁” ‘sow’. Pokorny 390.  EM “sero”.  Sihler 48.
      Walde 460*.  Lubotsky, p. 55.  Watkins “sē-1”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /sēmen/.  (ENG “seed”, GER “Same”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="SEW">
  <pron r="1">su</pron>
    <!-- Buck 6.35: suere.
      PIE root “suH”, variant of “syuH”. Pokorny 916.  EM
      “suo”. Sihler 535. Walde 515*. Watkins “syū-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /suere/.   (ENG “sew”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="SHARP">  <!-- knife -->
  <pron r="1">ak</pron>
    <!--  Greenberg, Eurasiatic, 18: Lat. ācer ‘pointed, sharp’, 
    OCS ostrŭ ‘sharp’
    : Arm. asełn ‘needle’: PIE *ak̑∼*ok̑, *ak- (W), *ak̑ʰer- (GI) 
    ‘sharp, pointed, angular’. Buck 15.78: acūtus. ācer in secondary senses.
    Stative “aceo” ‘be sharp’, PIE root “H₂ak̑”.  EM
      “ac-”.  Pokorny 18. Sihler 45. Walde 33. Watkins “ak-”. 
    Ringe 1992 has /akūtus/.-->
</word>

<word sem="SHORT">
  <pron r="1">brew</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.59.1: brevis.  PIE “mreg̑hw-”, root “mreg̑h”.  Pokorny
      751. EM “brevis”.  Sihler 211. Walde 314*.  Watkins “mregh-u-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /brewis/. -->
</word>

<word sem="SING">
  <pron r="1">kan</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.12.1: canere. PIE root “kan”. EM “cano”.
      Pokorny 525.  Sihler 45. Walde 351.  Watkins “kan-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /kanere/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SIT">  <!-- be sitting down  -->
  <pron r="1">sed</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.13.1: sedēre. 
      PIE “sedeH₁-”, stative from root “sed”.  Pokorny 885.  EM
      “sedeo”.  Sihler 497.  Walde 483*. 
      Ringe 1992 has /sedēre/.   (ENG “sit”, GER “sitzen”)-->
</word>

<word sem="SKIN">
  <pron r="1">kut</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.12: Lat. cutis (whence It. cute, Sp. cutis),
      ON hūð, OE hȳd, OHG hūt, general Gmc. word for ‘skin’ : 
      Grk. σκῦτος ‘hide, leather’, OPruss. keuto ‘skin’  
      : OE hȳdan ‘cover, hide’, fr. IE *(s)keu- with various extensions.  
      Walde-P. 2.546ff. Ernout-M. 249. Falk-Torp 425.
      PIE “ku-ti-”, root “(s)keu” ‘cover’.  Pokorny 
      803. EM “cutis”.  Walde 549*.  Watkins “(s)keu-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /kutis/.  (GER “Haut”, Eng. “sky” via ON). -->
  <pron r="2">pelː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.12: ‘Hide’: Lat. pellis (corium), Sp. pellejo. 
       Rea uses pellis.  -->
  <!-- Buck 4.12: Lat. cutis, It. pelle, cute, Fr. peau (cuir), 
     Sp. cutis (cuero), Rum. piele.   -->
</word>

<word sem="SKY">
  <pron r="1">kael</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.51: Lat. caelum (whence the Romance words), etym. dub., perh. 
      *kaid-slo- : ON heið ‘bright sky’. Walde-P. 2.537. Ernout-M. 430.  
      Walde-H. 1.130.
     PIE “kaid”, perhaps ext. of “(s)kāi” ‘bright’.
      Pokorny 916. EM “caelum”.  Walde 537*. Ringe 1992 has /kaelum/. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.51 sky, heavens: Lat. caelum, It. cielo, Fr. ciel, Sp. cielo, 
    Rum. cer. -->
</word>

<word sem="SLEEP">
  <pron r="1">dorm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.61: dormīre.
      PIE “dr̥myo-”, base “drem”, perhaps root “der(H)” ‘sleep’,
      plus present suffix of indeterminate aspect, “-em-”.  EM
      “dormio”. Pokorny 226.  Walde 821. Watkins “drem-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /dormīre/.   -->
  <pron r="2">somn</pron>
  <pron r="3">sop</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.61: somnus; sōpīre, sopor -->
  <!-- Buck 4.61: dormīre; somnus. sōpīre ‘put to sleep’, 
     sopor ‘overpowering sleep’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SMALL">
  <pron r="1" redund="CHILD1">parw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.56.2: parvus.
      PIE root “pōu” plus “-ro-”, with metathesis.  EM
      “pau-”.  Pokorny 105.  Walde 75*.  Watkins “pau-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /parwos/.  (“pauci”
      ‘few’, “puer” ‘child’, Eng. “few”) -->
</word>

<word sem="SMELL">   <!-- perceive odor -->
  <pron r="1">od</pron>
  <pron r="2">ol</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.21.1: olēre, with cpd. odefacere (Festus), ol(e)facere.
      olfacit: compound of “ole-” ‘smell’ and “facio” ‘make’.  Stative verb
      “oleo” ‘I smell’, earlier “olo”, PIE root “H₃od”.  Several
      words have /d/:/l/ alternation in Latin, 
      but may also be influenced by “olea” ‘olive’, or be a Sabine
      borrowing.  Pokorny 772. EM “oleo”.  Sihler 121.  Walde 174.
      Watkins “od-1”. 
      Buck 15.21: olfacere, odorārī (obj.: olēre, fragrāre); subst: odor.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SMOKE">
  <pron r="1">fuːm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.83: Lat. fūmus, whence It. fumo, OFr fum (whence ME, NE fume), 
      Fr. fumée (fr. fūmāta, cf. fūmāre), Sp. humo, Rum. fum; Lith. dūmai 
      (pl.), ChSl. dymŭ, etc., general Balto-Slavic; Skt. dhūma-, NPers. dūd. 
      Ir. dē (gen. diad), dethach, NIr. deatach : W. dew ‘fog’.
      IE *dhūmo-, same root as in Skt. dhū- ‘shake’, Grk. θύ̄ω ‘rush’; Grk. 
      θῡμός is ‘spirit’. Walde-P. 1.835f. Ernout-M. 399. Walde-H. 1.561f.
      PIE “dhuHmos”, root “dheuH” ‘float in air’.
      Pokorny 261.  EM “fumus”.  Sihler 47.  Walde 835.  Watkins
      “dheu-1”. Ringe 1992 has /fūmus/.  (Eng. “dust”, “dull”,
      Ger. “Tier” ‘animal’)  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.83, SMOKE (sb.): Lat. fūmus, It. fumo, Fr. fumée, Sp. humo, 
    Rum. fum.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SMOOTH">
  <pron r="1">leːw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.77.1: lēvis; cf. līmus ‘mud’. PIE “leiwis”, root “(s)lei”
      ‘slimy’.  Lubotsky treats as u-stem: PIE
      “leH₁i-u-s” to Pre-Lat. *“lēyus”, reformed to i-stem
      *“lējwis” to “lēuis”.  Pokorny 664. EM “leuis”.
      Walde 390*. Ringe 1992 has /lēwis/.  (Ger. “schlecht” ‘bad’,
      perhaps Alb. “lumë” ‘river’). -->
</word>

<word sem="SNAKE">
  <pron r="1">aŋɡʷ</pron>
    <!--Buck 3.85: Lat. anguis, Grk. ὄφις, 
      Lith., OPruss. angis; ChSl. *ąžĭ, Pol. wąż, Russ. už, 
      Skt. ahi-, Av. aži-, 
      fr. parallel forms with and without nasl, but phonetic relations in 
      part obscure. Walde-P. 1.63ff. Ernout-M. 52. Walde-H. 1.48.
      Ringe 1992 has /angwis/. Older, less common word for
      “serpens”.   PIE “angʷ(h)is”, root “angʷ(h)”.  Pokorny 43.
      EM “anguis”.  Sihler 163.  Walde 63.  Watkins “angʷhi-”.   -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="0.7">serp</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.85: serpēns (part. of serpere ‘creep’).OLD1744c.  -->
  <pron r="3">kolubr</pron>
    <!--Buck 3.85: Lat. colubra prob. : Grk. κυλλός ‘crooked’, κυλίνδω ‘roll’. 
      Walde-P. 2.598. Walde-H. 1.248. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.85: Lat. anguis, serpēns (part. of serpere ‘creep’), colubra, 
     It. serpe, Fr. serpent, 
     Sp. culebra, serpiente, Rum. şarpe  -->
</word>

<word sem="SNOW">
  <pron r="1">niw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.76: Lat. nix,  nivis, vb. 
      ninguit, It. neve, OFr. noif, Fr. neige (fr. neiger, *niviāre), Sp. 
      nieve, Rum. nea (dial.); νίφα acc. sg., Ir. snechte, Goth. snaiws, Lith. 
      sniegas, ChSl. sněgŭ, Av. 
      snaēg-; here prob., but no trace of meaning ‘snow’, Skt. snih- ‘be 
      sticky’. IE *snigʷh-, *snoigʷho-, vb. *sneigʷh-. Walde-P. 2.695. 
      Ernout-M. 673. PIE “snigʷh”, root “sneigʷh”.  EM “nix”.  Pokorny
      974. Sihler 163.  Walde 695.  Watkins “sneigʷh-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /niks, niw-/.  (ENG “snow”, GER “Schnee”) -->
  <!-- Buck 1.76: Lat. nix, It. neve, Fr. neige, Sp. nieve, Rum. zăpadă (loan
    from Slav, fr. ‘fall’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="SPIT">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">spu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.56: spuere, imitative. 
      PIE “spu”, variant of “spyeuH” ‘spit’. Prob. imitative of
      the sound and/or action. EM “spuo”.
      Pokorny 999.  Walde 683*.  Watkins “spyeu-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /spuere/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SPLIT">
  <pron r="1">fid</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.27: findere.  OLD702a: findō, fidī.
      Nasal infix (cf. “fissum”) of PIE root “bheid”, possibly an
      ext. of “bhei” ‘hit’.  Pokorny 116.  EM “findo”.  Sihler
      508.  Walde 138*.  Watkins “bheid-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /findere/.  (Ger. “beißen”, Eng. “bite”). -->
  <pron r="2">skid</pron>
    <!-- OLD 1704a: scindō, scicidī ‘split, cleave’.  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.27: findere. Sometimes scindere, mostly ‘tear’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SQUEEZE">
  <pron r="1">prem</pron>
    <!-- SWL: premit: PIE root “per” ‘hit’ with
      durative present suffix “-em-”.  EM “premo”.  Pokorny 818.
      Sihler 583.  Walde 43*.  Watkins “per-5”.
      Ringe 1992 has /premere/. Rea has stringere. -->
</word>

<word sem="STAB">
  <pron r="1">fod</pron>
    <!-- OLD718b: fodere. Also ‘dig’. PIE “bhodh-ye” (for expected
      “bhedhye”), root “bhedh” ‘stab’.  Pokorny 113.  EM “fodio”.
      Sihler 121, 536.  Watkins “bhedh-”.
      Buck 8.22: fodere. Ringe 1992: /fodere/.  (Fre. “fouir”).  (Eng. “bed”) 
      Rea has percutere.
      -->
</word>

<word sem="STAND">   <!-- be standing up  -->
  <pron r="1">staː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.15.1: stāre. 
      PIE “stH₂”, with stative “-eH₂” suffix; root “steH₂”.
      EM “sto”.  Pokorny 1004. Sihler 50.  Walde 603*.  Watkins
      “stā-”. Ringe 1992 has /stāre/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="STAR">
  <pron r="1">steːlː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.54: Lat. stēlla (fr. *stēr-lā; otherwise Ernout-M.), It. 
      stella, Fr. étoile, Rum. stea; but Sp. estrella by mixture with astrum; 
      Grk. ἀστήρ, ἄστρον, W. seren, Goth. stairnō, Skt. star- and tārā-, Arm. 
      astł;, Hitt. astiras,
       Toch A. śreñ. IE *ster-, orig. disputed. Perhaps *ster- ‘spread out’.  
      Walde-P. 2.635f. Ipsen, IF 41.179ff. Feist 448. Wackernagel-Debrunner,  
      KZ 67.161 ff. 
      PIE “H₂stērlaH₂-”, root “H₂ster”.  EM “stella”.
      Pokorny 1027.   Walde 635*.  Watkins “ster-3”.
      Ringe 1992 has /stēlla/.  (ENG “star”, GER “Stern”) -->
  <pron r="2" loan="1">astr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.54: astrum (loan fr. Grk.) -->
  <!-- Buck 1.54: Lat. stēlla, astrum, It. stella, Fr. étoile, 
    Sp. estrella, Rum. stea.  -->
</word>

<word sem="STICK">   <!-- of wood  -->
  <pron r="1">bak</pron>
    <!-- OLD223b: baculum ‘staff, walking-stick, lictor’s rod, sceptre’.
      Ringe 1992 has /bakulum/. 
      PIE “baktlom”, root “bak” ‘cane’.
      Pokorny 93. EM “baculum”.  Walde 104*.  Watkins “bak-”. -->
  <pron r="2">taːl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.22: tālea ‘rod, stick’. Rea has palus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="STONE">
  <pron r="1">lapid</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.44; Lat. lapis : Grk. λέπας ‘bare rock’ (fr. λέπω ‘peel’?). 
    Walde-P.2.431. Ernout-M. 523. Walde-H. 1.761.
    PIE root “lep” ‘stone’. Pokorny 678.  EM “lapis”.  Walde
      431*.  Ringe 1992 has /lapis, lapid-/.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.44 stone, rock: lapis; saxum (‘large stone, rock’), petra (Grk. 
    loan for ‘rock’ 
    supplanted native word for ‘stone’); It. petra, sasso; roccia; 
    Fr. pierre; roche, rocher; Sp. piedra; roca; Rum. piatră; stincă, rocă  -->
</word>

<word sem="STRAIGHT">
  <pron r="1">reɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.73.1: rēctus, dīrēctus. 
      Past. part. of “rego” ‘go in a straight line’, PIE root
      “reg̑”.  Pokorny 855.
      EM “rego”.  Sihler 85. Walde 363*.  Watkins “reg-1”.
      Ringe 1992 has /rēktus/.  (Eng. “right”, 
      Ger. “recht”, Fre. “droit” ‘straight, right’)  -->
  <!-- Buck 12.73: rēctus, dīrēctus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SUCK">
  <pron r="1">suːɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.16: sūgere [imit.].
      PIE “suH” with a guttural extension; ‘juice’, ‘suck’,
      probably imitating the sound of slurping.  Root 
      “seuH”.  Pokorny 912.  EM “sugo”. Walde 469*.  Watkins
      “seuə-2”. Ringe 1992 has /sūgere/.  (ENG “suck”, GER “sauge”,
      Alb. “shi” ‘rain’) -->
  <pron r="2">feːl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.22: Lat. fēlāre ‘suck’: Lat. fēmina ‘female, woman’ 
      (whence It. femmina formerly 
      ‘woman’, now ‘female’, Fr. femme ‘woman, wife’, Sp. hembra ‘female’), 
      orig. mid. pple. fr. root of fēlāre. Walde-P. 1.829ff. 
      Ernout-M. 341, 343. -->
  <!-- Buck 5.16: sūgere [imit.], fēlāre.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SUN">
  <pron r="1">soːl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.52: IE *sāwel-. Walde-P. 2.446. Ernout-M. 950f. Falk-Torp 1105.
      Feist 412, 460.
      PIE “suH₂al”; with same slightly mysterious root as
      in ENG “sun”, GER “Sonne”, ALB “diell”.  EM 
      “sol”.  Pokorny 881.  Sihler 84. Walde 446*.  Watkins
      “sāwel-”.  Ringe 1992 has /sōl/. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.52: sōl, It. sole, Fr. soleil, Sp. sol, Rum. soare -->
</word>

<word sem="SWELL">
  <pron r="1">tum</pron>
    <!-- Ringe 1992 has /tumēre/.  (Fre. “tout” ‘all’).
      Stative stem “tumē-”, from “-m-” ext. of PIE root
      “teuH” ‘swell’.  EM “tumeo”.  Pokorny 1082. Walde 708.
      Watkins “teuə-”.   -->
</word>

<word sem="SWIM">  <!-- or float  -->
  <pron r="1">naː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.35: nāre, natāre. 
      PIE root “snaH₂”, conceivably connected to “nubes” ‘cloud’.
      EM “no”.  Pokorny 972.  Sihler 483.  Walde 692*.
      Ringe 1992 has /nāre/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TAIL">
  <pron r="1">kaud</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.18: Lat. cauda. Ernout-M. 164. Walde-H. 1.185. REW 1774.
      Ringe 1992 has /kauda/.  No know etymology. -->
</word>

<word sem="THICK">
  <pron r="1">krasː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.63.3: crassus.
      Perhaps PIE base “kert” ‘turn’, ext. of “(s)ker”.  Pokorny 584,
      935. EM “crassus”.  Walde 421.
      Ringe 1992 has /krassus/.  (Ger. “Rücken” ‘back’) -->
  <!-- Buck 12.63: crassus. grossus (late). Rea has spissus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THIN">
  <pron r="1">tenu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.65.1: tenuis.
      PIE “tenú-” ‘thin’ from root “ten” ‘stretch’.
      Lubotsky, p. 59: root “tenH”. Pokorny 1069.  EM “tenuis”. 
      Sihler 97.  Walde 724.  Watkins “ten-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /tenuis/.  (“tenet” ‘hold’,
      Fre. “entend” ‘hear’, “tient” ‘hold’, “maintenant” ‘now’,
      Alb. “ndenjur” ‘sit’, possibly Eng. “thinks”, ger. “denkt” ‘think’).
      Rea has macer.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THINK">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">aɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 17.13.2: cōgitāre, *co-agitāre, cpd. of ‘put in motion’. 
      Prefix “co-” ‘with’ plus “ago” ‘drive’, PIE
      “ag̑”. Pokorny 4.  EM “ago”.  Walde 35.   Ringe 1992 has /kōgitāre/. -->
</word>

<word sem="THREE">
  <pron r="1">treː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.41: trēs. PIE “treyes”, root “trey”.  Pokorny 1090.  EM
      “tres”. Sihler 410. Walde 753.   Watkins “trei-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /trēs/. -->
</word>

<word sem="THROW">
  <pron r="1">jak</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.25: iacere, iēcī. 
      PIE root “yē”.  EM “iacio”.  Pokorny 502.  Sihler
      531. Walde 199.  Watkins “yē-”.  Ringe 1992 has /yakere/. (“iaceo”
      ‘lie’)  -->
</word>

<word sem="TIE">
  <pron r="1">wiŋk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.16: vincīre. OLD2064a. -->
  <pron r="2">liɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.16: ligāre. PIE “leig”.  EM “ligo”.  Pokorny 668.  Walde 400*.
      Watkins “leig-1”. Ringe 1992 has /ligāre/. (Fre. “lier”).  (ALB “lidh”).
      -->
  <pron r="3">nekt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.16: nectere. OLD1166b. -->
  <!-- Buck 9.16: vincīre, ligāre, nectere.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TONGUE">
  <pron r="1">dinɡʷ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.26: lingua. /l/ in part supported by lingere ‘lick’, from 
      older dingua.
      OLat “dingua”.  PIE “dn̥g̑hwaH₂”, root “dn̥g̑hū”.  The
      initial “l” is either a matter of possibly dialectal  “d:l”
      alternation (cf. ‘smell’), and/or a crossing with “lingo”
      ‘lick’.  EM “lingua”.  Pokorny 223.  Sihler 39.  Walde 792.
      Watkins “dn̥g̑hū”.  Ringe 1992 has /lingwa/.    -->
</word>

<word sem="TOOTH">
  <pron r="1">dent</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.27: dēns, fr. IE ‘eat’. 
      PIE “dent-”, a participle (i.e., “H₁dn̥t”) of root “H₁ed”
      ‘eat’.  Pokorny 287. EM “dens”.  Sihler.  Walde
      120. Watkins “dent-”. Ringe 1992 has /dēns, dent-/.  (“edere”)  -->
</word>

<word sem="TREE">
  <pron r="1">arb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.42: Lat. arbor, etym. dub., maybe : Lat,. arduus ‘high, steep’.
      Walde-P. 1.148ff. Walde-H. 1.62. Hence It. albero, Fr. arbre, Sp. árbol,
      Rum. arbore (neolog; early arbure).
      Possibly “erdh” ‘tall’. EM “arbos”.  Pokorny 339. Walde 149.
      Ringe 1992 has /arbor/. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.42: Lat. arbor, It. albero, Fr. arbre, Sp. árbol, Rum. arbore, 
    copac (prob. loan from Alb. kopaç ‘tree trunk’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="TRUE">
  <pron r="1">weːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.66.1: vērus, sb. vēritas. PIE “wēr”.  EM “uerus”.
      Pokorny 1166.  Walde 286.  Watkins “wēro-”. Ringe 1992 has /wērus/. -->
</word>

<word sem="TURN">  <!-- change direction of motion -->
  <pron r="1">wert</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.12: vertere.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TWO">
  <pron r="1">du</pron>
    <!-- SWL: duo. The /o/ is a dual suffix, as in “ambo”. PIE “dw”.  Pokorny
      228.  EM “duo”.  Walde 817.  Watkins “dwo-”. Ringe 1992 has /duo/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="VOMIT">
  <pron r="1">wom</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.57: vomere. 
      Assim. from *“vemo”, PIE root “wemH” ‘spit’. Pokorny 1146.
      EM “uomo”.  Walde 262.  Watkins “wemə-”.  Ringe 1992 has /womere/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WALK">  <!-- or go -->
  <pron r="1">ʊl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.45.2: ambulāre. amb- is prefix ‘about’ -->
  <pron r="2">ɡrad</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.45.2: gradī ‘step, walk’.  -->
  <!-- Buck 10.45: ambulāre, gradī.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WARM">  <!-- or hot, as of weather -->
  <pron r="1">kal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.85.3: calidus, caldus, v. calēre.
       Deverbative in “-id-” from
      stative “caleo” ‘be hot’, PIE root “k̑elH₁”
      ‘warm’. Pokorny 551.  EM “caleo”.  Sihler 629.  Walde 430.
      Watkins “kelə-1”. Ringe 1992 has /kalidus/. -->
  <pron r="2">form</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.85.1: OLat. formus. OLD724c. -->
  <!-- Buck 15.85: calidus. OLat. formus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WASH">
  <pron r="1">law</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.36: lavāre. 
      PIE root “lau” ‘wash’. Pokorny 692.  EM “lavo”.  Walde
      441.  Watkins “leu(ə)-”. Ringe 1992 has /lawāre/.    -->
</word>

<word sem="WATER">
  <pron r="1">akʷ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.31: Lat. aqua and Romance derivatives, from IE *akʷā- or 
      *ak̑wā-. Walde-P. 1.34f. Ernout-M. 64. Walde-H. 1.60. Feist 18f. 
      Elsewhere mostly ‘running water’ (OE ēa). Here Hitt. eku-, aku-, Toch. 
      yok- ‘drink’?
      PIE “akʷaH₂-”, root “akʷ”.  Pokorny 23.  EM
      “aqua”.  Walde 34.  Watkins “akʷā-”.  Ringe 1992 has /akwa/.   -->
  <!-- Buck 1.31: aqua, It. acqua, Fr. eau, Sp. agua, Rum. apă, Umbr. utur  -->
</word>

<word sem="WET">
  <pron r="1">uːm</pron>
  <pron r="2">uːw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.83.1: ūmidus, hūmidus, ūvidus.
      “-id-” deverbative of
      stative “ūmeo” ‘be wet’, PIE “ugʷsmo-”, root
      “wegʷ” ‘wet’ (some have connected this to “uxor” ‘wife’).
      Pokorny 1118.  EM “umeo”.  Walde 248.  Watkins “wegʷ-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /ūmidus/.   -->
  <pron r="3">mad</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.83.3: madidus, fr. madēre ‘be wet, drip with’.  -->
  <!-- Buck 15.83: ūmidus, madidus, ūvidus.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WHITE">
  <pron r="1">alb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.64.2: albus.
      PIE “albhos”, perhaps root “al” with “-bho” suffix. Pokorny 30.
      EM “albus”.  Walde 92.  Watkins “albho-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /albus/. (Fre. “aube”).  (Eng. “elf”?)  -->
  <!-- Buck 15.64: albus; candidus ‘bright, white’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WIDE">
  <pron r="1">laːt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.61.4: lātus. 
      PIE “stl̥H₂tos”, root “stelH₂” ‘spread’.  Pokorny
      652.  EM “latus”.  Walde 643*. Watkins “stelə-”. 
      Ringe 1992 has /lātus/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WIFE">
  <pron r="1">uk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.32: Lat. uxor : Arm. am-usin ‘spouse’, fr. *uk-sor-, *uk 
      : Skt. uc- ‘be accustomed to’, *-sor- as in *swesor ‘sister’. 
      Walde-P. 1.111. Ernout-M. 1143. 
     Suffixal “-sor” as in “soror” ‘sister’; root may be “euk”
      ‘be accustomed’ or “wegʷ” ‘wet’ as in “umidus”.  Pokorny
      1118. EM “uxor”.  Walde 250. Watkins “euk-”.
     Ringe 1992 has /uksor/. -->
  <!-- Buck 2.32: Lat. uxor, coniux (‘together-yoked’), 
    (marīta (late derivative of marītus ‘husband’)), 
    It. moglie (= WOMAN), sposa (fr. spōnsa ‘betrothed’), 
    Fr. femme (= WOMAN), épouse (fr. spōnsa ‘betrothed’), 
    Sp. mujer (= WOMAN), esposa (fr. spōnsa ‘betrothed’), 
    Rum. soţie (fem. of soţ ‘husband’), nevastă (loan fr. Slavic) -->
</word>

<word sem="WIND">
  <pron r="1">went</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.72: Lat. ventus (whence Romance words) : W. gwynt, Goth. winds,
      Lith. vėjas, ChSl. větrŭ, Skt., Av. vāta-, Toch. A want, from IE *wē- 
      ‘blow’ as in Skt. vā-. Walde-P. 1.220ff, Ernout-M. 1086. Pedersen 1.37, 
      60.
      PIE “H₂weH₁ntos”, see ENG.  EM “uentus”.  Walde
      220.  Watkins “wē-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /wentus/.   -->
  <!-- Buck 1.72: ventus, It. vento, Fr. vent, Sp. viento, Rum. vînt  -->
</word>

<word sem="WING">
  <pron r="1">aːl</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.392: āla.  PIE “ak̑slaH₂-”, root
      “ak̑s” ‘axis’. Some have connected to “ag̑” ‘drive’,
      as in ‘think’.  Pokorny 4.  EM “ala”.   Walde 37.  Watkins “aks-”.
      Ringe 1992 has /āla/.   -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="0.5">pesn</pron>
    <!-- Earlier “pesna”, *“petsnaH₂”, PIE root “pet” ‘fly, fall’.
      Pokorny 826.  EM “penna”. Sihler 209.  Walde 21*.  Watkins “pet-”.
      Buck 4.392: penna ‘wing, feather’. 393: plūma denotes the fine, soft 
      feathers covering the body. OLD1324c.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WIPE">
  <pron r="1">terɡ</pron>
    <!-- SWL: terget: 
      May be an extension of “tero” ‘rub’, PIE root “terH₁”.  Pokorny
      1071. EM “tergeo”.  Walde 732. 
      Ringe 1992 has /tergēre/.  (“trudit” ‘push’,
      Ger. “Därme” ‘guts’, “drückt” ‘press’, Eng. “throw”). -->
</word>

<word sem="WOMAN">
  <pron r="1">mulier</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.22: Lat. mulier (whence It. moglie ‘wife’, OFr. moillier 
      ‘wife’, Sp. mujer ‘woman, wife’, Rum. muiere formerly ‘woman, wife’, 
      now derogatory), etym. dub., possibly formed with a comp. suffix from 
      root of Lat. mollis ‘soft, delicate’. Walde-P. 2.285. Ernout-M. 637f.
      Perhaps PIE “mel” ‘grind’.   Pokorny 716.  EM  “mulier”.
      Walde 285*.
      Ringe 1992 has /mulier/. 
      (Fre. “mouillé”) The traditional idea is
      “ml̥yesi” ‘tender, soft’, like “mollis”.  A more direct
      interpretation is ‘grind’ as sex act. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="0.5" redund="SUCK2">feːm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.22: Lat. fēmina ‘female, woman’ (whence It. femmina formerly 
      ‘woman’, now ‘female’, Fr. femme ‘woman, wife’, Sp. hembra ‘female’), 
      orig. mid. pple. fr. root of Lat. fēlāre ‘suck’. Walde-P. 1.829ff. 
      Ernout-M. 341, 343.  -->
  <!-- Buck 2.22: Lat. mulier, fēmina, It. donna (fr. ‘mistress’), Fr. femme, 
    Sp. mujer, Rum. femeie (fr. Lat. familia)  -->
</word>

<word sem="WOODS">
  <pron r="1">silw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.41: Lat. silva (whence It., Sp. selva, OFr seuve), etym.? 
      Walde 507*. Ringe 1992 has /silwa/.-->
  <!-- Buck 1.41: Lat. silva, It. selva, bosco, foresta, Fr. bois, forêt, 
     Sp. selva, bosque, monte (from ‘mountain’), Rum. pădure (from Lat. palūd- 
     ‘swamp’). Boscus is MLat, prob. loan from
     Germ.; forestis is MLat, from forum or forās. -->
</word>

<word sem="WORM">
  <pron r="1">werm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.84: Lat. vermis (whence Romance words);
      Goth. waurms, ON ormr, OE wyrm, OHG wurm, general Gmc., but in older 
        period esp. ‘snake’. IE *wṛmi- fr. *wer- ‘turn, twist’ in Lat. vertere.
      Walde-P. 1.271. Ernout-M.1090. NED.
      PIE “wr̥mis”, root “wer” ‘turn’.  Pokorny 1152.
      EM “uermis”.  Walde 270. Watkins “wer-3”.
      Ringe 1992 has /wermis/.  (“ridet” ‘laugh’, Ger. “wirft” ‘throw’,
        “reibt” ‘rub’) -->
  <!-- Buck 3.84: Lat. vermis, It. verme, Fr. ver, Sp. verme, Rum. vierme  -->
</word>

<word sem="YEAR">
  <pron r="1">anː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.73.3: annus. 
      PIE “atnos”, root “at” ‘go, year’. Pokorny 69.  EM
      “annus”.  Walde 41.  Watkins “at-”. Ringe 1992 has /annus/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="YELLOW">
  <pron r="1">flaːw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.69.3: flāvus. PIE “bhlēwos” ‘blue, yellow’, ext. of “bhel”
      ‘shining’.  Or possibly connected with “flos” ‘flower’.  Pokorny 
      160.  EM “flauus”.  Walde 212*. Watkins “bhel-1”.
      Ringe 1992 has /flāwos/.  (Eng. “black”, Fre. “blanc”
      ‘white’). -->
  <!-- Buck 15.69: flāvus (helvus (rare and mostly ‘yellowish, bay’)).  -->
</word>

</language>

<!-- References.
Buck  Buck, Carl Darling. (1949). A dictionary of selected synonyms in the
      principal Indo-European languages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
      Referenced by concept number.
EM.   Ernout, A. and A. Meillet. 1979.  Dictionnaire
      étymologique de la langue latine.  4. éd.,
      3. tirage, augm. d'additions et de corrections nouvelles
      par Jacques André.  Paris: Klincksieck. (Refs. via Buck are to 2d ed).
Greenberg, Eurasiatic; Greenberg, Joseph H. 2002. Indo-European and its 
      closest relatives: The Eurasiatic language family. Vol. 2: Lexicon. 
      Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. Cited by entry number.
OLD   Glare, P. G. W. (Ed.) (1982). Oxford Latin dictionary. 
      Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Pokorny.  Pokorny, Julius.  1959.  Indogermanisches etymologisches
      Wörterbuch,  Bern: Francke.
Rea.  Rea, John A. (1973). The Romance data of the pilot studies for 
      glottochronology. Current trends in linguistics, ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. 
      Vol. 1: Diachronic, areal, and typological linguistics. 
      The Hague: Mouton, 1973, p. 355-367.
REW   Meyer-Lübke, W. Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3te Aufl.
Sihler.  Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin.
      New York: Oxford University Press.
Walde-H.  Walde, Alois. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 
      3te Aufl., von J. B. Hofmann.
Walde-P.  Walde, Alois. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen 
      Sprachen, hrsg. und bearb. von J. Pokorny.
Watkins   Watkins, Calvert. (1985.) The American Heritage dictionary
      of Indo-European roots.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
-->

