<?xml version="1.0"?>
<language id="GOH"> <!-- Old High German -->

<word sem="ALL">
  <pron r="1">alː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.13.5, 13.14: alle, pl. of al ‘whole’. -->
</word>

<word sem="ANIMAL"> <!-- ~ terrestrial quadruped -->
  <pron r="1">tior</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.11: OHG tior, OE dēor, ON dȳr, 
    Goth. dius (renders Grk. θηρίον), 
    the general Gmc, word for ‘animal’ vs ‘man’ 
    : Lith. dusti ‘gasp’, ChSl. dychati ‘breathe’. IE *dhwes-.
    Walde-P. 1.846. Feist 121b. Falk-Torp 172. 
    Perh. same root as Lat. bēstia  -->
  <!-- Buck 3.11: OHG tior, MHG, NHG tier  -->
</word>

<word sem="ASHES">  <!-- Sometimes = DUST, EARTH -->
  <pron r="1">ask</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.84: OHG asca, OE asce, Goth. azgō, ON aska, etc., general 
      Gmc., fr. a root *as- seen in Lat. ārēre ‘be dry’, ardēre ‘burn’, Skt. 
      āsa- ‘ashes, dust’, Arm. ačium ‘ashes’.Falk-Torp. 35. Feist 72. 
      Walde-H. 1.65. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.84: OHG asca, MHG asche, NHG asche.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BACK">  <!-- dorsum -->
  <pron r="1">hrukː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.19: OHG (h)rucki  -->
  <!-- Buck 4.19: OHG (h)rucki.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BAD">
  <pron r="1">ubil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.72.5: ubil.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BARK">  <!-- of a tree. Sometimes = SKIN -->
  <pron r="1">rint</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: rinta (39) ‘Rinde, Borke; bark’.  -->
  <pron r="2">louft</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: louft (8) ‘Schalen, Rinde, Bast; peel, bark, bast’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BELLY">  <!-- abdomen -->
  <pron r="1">wamb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.46: wamba ‘belly, womb’. -->
  <pron r="2">buːx</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.46: būh.  -->
  <!-- Buck 4.46: wamba, būh.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BIG">
  <pron r="1">mixːil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.55.1: mihhil. -->
  <!-- Buck 12.55: mihhil, grōz (prob. mostly ‘coarse’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="BIRD">
  <pron r="1">foɡal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.64: Goth. fugls, OE fugol, general Gmc., etym. disputed. 
      Perh. : Lith paukštis ‘bird’, 
        or with dissim. fr. Gmc. *flug-la- : OE flēogan ‘fly’. 
      Walde-P. 2.76. Feist 170. Falk-Torp 280, 1464. Wiegand-H. 2.1178. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.64: OHG fogal, MHG, NHG vogel  -->
</word>

<word sem="BITE">  <!-- verb -->
  <pron r="1">biːs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.58: bīzan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BLACK">
  <pron r="1">swarts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.65.4: suarz.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BLOOD">
  <pron r="1">bluot</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.15: Goth. blōþ, OE blōd, general Gmc., prob. ‘that which 
      bursts out’ : Goth. blōma ‘flower’. 
      Walde-P. 1.177. Falk-Torp 83f. Feist 101. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.15: OHG, MHG bluot, NHG blut.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BLOW">  <!-- verb, e.g., wind blows -->
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">bla:s</pron>
     <!-- Buck 10.38: blāsan (imit.).  -->
  <pron r="2" motiv="1">wa:j</pron>
     <!-- Buck 10.38: wājan [imit.].  -->
  <!-- Buck 10.38: blāsan, wājan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BONE">
  <pron r="1">bein</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.16: ON bein, OE bān, general Gmc., origin obscure. 
      Falk-Torp. 69. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.16: OHG ‘bone, leg’, MHG bein, 
     NHG knochen (fr, ‘knuckle’) (-bein)  -->
</word>

<word sem="BREAST">  <!-- mamma -->
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">brust</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.41: brust, same as man’s.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BREATHE">
  <pron r="1">aːtum</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.51: ātumōn; ātum.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BURN">  <!-- the bush is burning -->
  <pron r="1">brinː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.85: Goth. brinnan, caus. brannjan, etc., all the Gmc. words; 
      vi. is original. *bhre-n-wo-, fr. *bher- as in Lat. fervēre ‘boil’, 
      Goth. brunna ‘spring’. Walde-P. 2.168. Feist 106. Falk-Torp 111. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.85: brinnan (vi), brennan (vt), MHG brinnen (vi), brennen (vt), 
    NHG brennen  -->
</word>

<word sem="CHILD">  <!-- young human -->
  <pron r="1">kind</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.27: Du., OHG-NHG kind, fr. *gen-to-m ‘born’ fr. the root of 
      Skt. jan-, Lat. gignere ‘bear,beget’, Grk. γίγνομαι ‘be born’. 
      Walde-P. 1.576. Weigand-H. 1.1035. -->
  <pron r="2">barn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.27: Goth, ON, OHG barn, OE bearn (NE bairn in Sc.), once 
      general Gmc., fr. *barna= ‘born’, pple. of Goth. bairan, OE beran, etc. 
      ‘bear’. Walde-P. 1.56. Falk-Torp 51. Feist 82. -->
  <!-- Buck 2.27: OHG kind, barn, MHG, NHG kind  -->
</word>

<word sem="CLAW">
  <pron r="1">kla:w</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: klāwa 14 ‘Klaue, Kralle; craw’.  --> 
  <!-- Köbler: krampfo 18 mostly ‘hook’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="CLOUD">
  <pron r="1">wolk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.73: OHG wolkan, MHG wolken, NHG wolke ‘cloud’ : OE wolcen, Du. 
      wolk, OHG welc ‘withered, weak’, Lith. vilgyti ‘moisten’, ChSl. vlaga 
      ‘moisture’, etc. Walde-P. 1.306. Weigand-H. 2.1283. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.73: OHG wolkan, MHG wolken, NHG wolke.  -->
</word>

<word sem="COLD">  <!-- the weather is cold -->
  <pron r="1">kal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.86.2: calt. Cf. kuoli ‘cool’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="COME">
  <pron r="1">kwem</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: kweman 1632 ‘kommen, gelangen, gehen...’. -->
  <!-- Buck 10.48: queman, coman.  -->
</word>

<word sem="COUNT">
  <pron r="1">tselː</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: zellen 374 ‘zählen, erzählen, ...; count, tell, define’. -->
  <pron r="2">riːm</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: rīmen ‘zählen, count’. -->
  <pron r="3">ruob</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: ruobōn 1 ‘count, calculate’. -->
</word>

<word sem="CRY"> <!-- weep -->
  <pron r="1">wuof</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.37.5: wuofan  -->
  <pron r="2" motiv="0.5">riots</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.37: riozan, prob. imit.  -->
  <pron r="3" motiv="1">wein</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.37.5: weinōn, cf. expressive wē!.  -->
  <!-- Buck 16.37: wuofan, riozan, weinōn.  -->
</word>

<word sem="CUT">
  <pron r="1">sniːd</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.22: snīdan -->
  <pron r="2">houw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.22: houwan -->
  <pron r="3">meis</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.22: meizan. -->
  <!-- Buck 9.22: snīdan, houwan, meizan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DAY"> <!-- not night -->
  <pron r="1">taɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.41.4: tag.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DIE"> <!-- or use ‘dead’ if that is more basic -->
  <pron r="1">sterb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.75: sterban -->
  <pron r="2">touw</pron>
  <pron r="3">toːt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.75: touwen; tōt; tōd -->
  <!-- Buck 4.75: sterban, touwen; tōt; tōd  -->
</word>

<word sem="DIG">
  <pron r="1">ɡrab</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.22: graban. -->
  <pron r="2">telb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.22: telban.  -->
  <!-- Buck 8.22: graban, telban.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DIRTY">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">rein</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.88: unreini, neg. of reini ‘clean’ (15.87). -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1" loan="1">suːbar</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.88: unsūbar, neg. of sūbar ‘clean’ (15.87: fr. Lat. sōbrius).
      -->
  <!-- Buck 15.88: unreini, unsūbar.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DOG">
  <pron r="1">hund</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.61: OE hund, Goth. hunds, general Gmc.; 
      Grk. κύων, Lat. canis, Ir. cū, 
      Lith šuo, Lett. suns, OPruss. sunis, 
      Skt. çvan-, Av. span-, Median σπάκα (Hdt.), 
      and, fr. an Iran. form like the last, Russ. sobaka; 
      Arm. šun; Toch, ku, kū.
      IE *k̑uon-, k̑un-. Walde-P. 1.465ff. Ernout-M. 142f. Walde-H. 1.152f. 
        Feist 276. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.61: OHG, MHG hunt, NHG hund. ‘Bitch’ is zōha. -->
</word>

<word sem="DRINK">
  <pron r="1">triŋk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.13: trinkan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DRY">
  <pron r="1">durː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.84.2: durri -->
  <!-- Buck 15.84: durri, trucchan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DULL">
  <pron r="1">sleːo</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.79.4: slēo, also ‘weak, tepid’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="DUST">
  <pron r="1">stoub</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.213: stuppi, stoub, MHG stoup, NHG staub, MLG, Du. stof (MLG to
      ODan stov, now støv with ø from vb., Sw. stoft) = Goth stubjus (Falk-Torp
      1201, Feist 457. -->
  <pron r="2">melm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.213: OHG melm (Tat. 49.9 = Mk. 10.14) : Goth. malma ‘sand’, 
      same root as Goth mulda ‘dust’. -->
</word>

<word sem="EAR">
  <pron r="1">oːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.22: ōra.  -->
</word>

<word sem="EARTH"> <!-- soil, ground -->
  <pron r="1">erd</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.21: erda -->
  <pron r="2">lant</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.21: lant -->
  <!-- Buck 1.21: erda, lant, MHG erde, lant, NHG erde, land. Mittilgart is 
    ‘world’. Buck 1.212: OHG grunt, OE grund, NHG grund (boden is more common 
    in NHG), Dan., Sw. grund, orig. ‘bottom’. -->
</word>

<word sem="EAT">
  <pron r="1">es</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.11: ezzan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="EGG">
  <pron r="1">ei</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.48: ei.  -->
</word>

<word sem="EYE">
  <pron r="1">ouɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.21: ouga.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FALL">
  <pron r="1">falː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.23: fallan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FAR">
  <pron r="1">fer</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.44: fer(ro)  -->
</word>

<word sem="FAT">  <!-- grease -->
  <pron r="1">smer</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: smero 34 ‘“smear”, fat, lard, adeps’. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1">smals</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: smalz 19 ‘Schmalz, Fett, zerlassenese Fett; lard, fat’. 
       Cf. smelzen ‘melt’. -->
  <!-- Köbler: Schmiere: smero, smirwa. Fett: alapi? feizida, feizitī, lunta, 
     mitgarni, smalz, smero, spek, spint, ubarspikki, unsliht.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FATHER">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">fa</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.35: OHG fater (fr. IE nursery word *pā), MHG, NHG vater  -->
</word>

<word sem="FEAR">
  <pron r="1">eɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.53.1: eɡi, eɡiso, egisa. -->
  <pron r="2">forxt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.53.5: forhta  -->
  <!-- Buck 16.53: forhta, eɡi, eɡiso.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FEATHER">
  <pron r="1">fed</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.392: federa.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FIGHT">
  <pron r="1">fext</pron>
    <!-- Buck 20.11.4: fehtan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FIRE">
  <pron r="1">fiur</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.81: OHG fiur, 
      fuir, NHG feuer, OE fȳr, NE fire, Du. vurr, ON fūrr, funi (poet.), 
      Goth. fōn, 
      gen. funins, Grk. πῦρ; Umbr. pir (fr. *pūr, acc. purom-e);
      Arm. hur, Toch. A por, B puwar; Hitt. paḫḫur, paḫḫwar, 
      dat. paḫḫuni. IE *pewōr(?), *pūr, *pun-, etc., r/n stem neut.. Walde-P. 
      2.14. Feist 158f. Sturtevant, Laryngeals 36f. benveniste, Origines 169. 
      Pedersen, Hittitisch 187. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.81: OHG fiur, fuir, MHG viur, NHG feuer  -->
</word>

<word sem="FISH">
  <pron r="1">fisk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.65: Goth. fisk, all the Gmc. words,
      Lat. piscis, Ir. īasc, NIr. iasg.
      Walde-P. 2.11. Pokorny, KZ 54.307. Cuny, Mélanges Glotz, 268f. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.65: OHG fisc, MHG visch, NHG fisch  -->
</word>

<word sem="FIVE">
  <pron r="1">fimf</pron>
    <!-- Wright: fimf, finf, num. ‘five’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FLOW">
  <pron r="1">flios</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.32: fliozan.  -->
  <!-- Buck 10.32: fliozan, rinnan, basically ‘run’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FLOWER">
  <pron r="1">bluom</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.57: bluomo.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FLY">  <!-- verb -->
  <pron r="1">fliuɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.37: fliugan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FOG">
  <pron r="1">nebul</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.74: OHG nebul, MHG, NHG nebel: Gr. νέφος 
      ‘cloud’.
      Buck 1.73: Grk. νέφος, νεφέλη, NG. νέφι, σύννεφο : Skt. nabhas- ‘mist,
      vapor’ (also ‘sky’), Lat. nebula ‘mist’, Lith. 
      debesis ‘cloud’, ChSl. nebo ‘sky’, etc., Skt. abhra-, Grk. ὄμβρος, Lat. 
      imber ‘shower’. IE *nebh-, *embh-, *m̥bh-. Walde-P. 1.131. 
      Ernout-M. 660f. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.74 mist, fog, haze: OHG nebul, MHG, NHG nebel.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FOOT">
  <pron r="1">fuos</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.37: fuoz.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FOUR">
  <pron r="1">fior</pron>
    <!-- Wright: fior, vior, num. four.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FREEZE">
  <pron r="1">frios</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: bifriosan, friosan, gifriosan. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1" redund="ICE1">iːs</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: īsēn, cf. īs ‘ice’.  -->
  <!-- Köbler: bifriosan, friosan, gifriosan, īsēn.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FRUIT">
  <pron r="1">obas</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.71: obaz.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FULL">
  <pron r="1">fol</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.21: fol.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GIVE">
  <pron r="1">ɡeb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 11.21.3: geban.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GOOD">
  <pron r="1">ɡuot</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.71: guot.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GRASS">
  <pron r="1">ɡras</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.51: gras.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GREEN">
  <pron r="1" redund="GRASS1">ɡruon</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.68.5: gruoni; cf. gruoan ‘grow, become green’. Same root as 
       gras ‘GRASS’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GUTS">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">in</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: ināditi, innida,
     inniherdar, innōd, innōdi, innōdili, innofilu, intuoma, inwartī, 
     inwartigī. -->
  <pron r="2">darm</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: gidarmi 3 ‘Gedärm, Eingewiede, guts’; also gōzdarm. -->
  <pron r="3">buts</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: gibuzzi ‘Eingeweide, guts’.   -->
  <pron r="4">herd</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: herdar ‘Eingeweide, guts’.   -->
</word>

<word sem="HAIR"> <!-- of human head -->
  <pron r="1">haːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.14: ON, OHG hār, OE hǣr, general Gmc., etym. much disputed, 
      perh. : Lith. šerys ‘brush’. Walde-P. 1.427. Falk-Torp 369. 
     Weigand-H. 1.783.  -->
  <pron r="2">faxs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.14: OHG, OS fahs, OE feax (ON fax ‘mane’ : Grk. πόκος ‘fleece’.
      Walde-P. 2.17. Falk-Torp 201. NED s.v. fax.  -->
  <pron r="3">skuft</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.14: OHG scuft, MHG schopf, Goth. skuft, ON skopt (poet.), 
      all coll for ‘hair of head’ : OE scēaf ‘sheaf’.
      Walde-P. 2.555. Feist 435. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.14: OHG hār, fahs, MHG hār, vahs, NHG Haar  -->
</word>

<word sem="HAND">
  <pron r="1">hant</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.33: hant. -->
  <pron r="2">munt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.33: munt. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.33: hant, munt.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAD">
  <pron r="1">houbit</pron>
    <!--Buck 4.20: houbit.  -->
  <!-- Buck 4.20: houbit.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAR">
  <pron r="1">hoːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.41: hō(r)ran.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HEART">
  <pron r="1">herts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.44: herza.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAVY">
  <pron r="1">swaːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.81.4: suāri -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1">heb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.81.4: hebīg, cf. heffen, heben ‘lift’. -->
  <!-- Buck 15.81: suāri, hebīg.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HIT">
  <pron r="1">slah</pron>
    <!--Buck 4.76: (ir)slahan ‘strike, kill by striking’.  -->
  <pron r="2">bo:ts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.21: bōzan  -->
  <pron r="3">berj</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.21: berjen  -->
  <pron r="4">trefː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.21: treffan ‘strike, hit, touch’.  -->
  <pron r="5">stoːts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.21: stōzan.  -->
  <pron r="6">bliuw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.21: bliuwan.  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.21: slahan, bōzan, berjen, bliuwan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="HOLD">  <!-- in hand -->
  <pron r="1">hab</pron>
    <!-- Buck 11.15.4: habēn ‘have, hold’ -->
  <!-- Buck 11.15: habēn ‘have, hold’ (haltan ‘keep, guard’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="HORN">
  <pron r="1">horn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.17: OHG horn fr. IE k̑er-. Walde-P. 1.403ff. Ernout-M. 221f. 
    Walde-H. 1.276. -->
</word>

<word sem="HUNT">
  <pron r="1">weid</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.79: OHG weidōn, ON veiða, OE wǣþan (with nouns for ‘the hunt’ 
      ON veiðr, OE wāþ), fr. an extension of *wei- in 
      Lith. veju, vyti ‘pursue’. Walde-P. 1.230. Falk-Thorp 1361f. -->
  <pron r="2">jaɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.79: OHG jagōn, MHG, NHG jagen (whence Dan. jage, Sw. jaga), 
      Du. jagen, perh. : Skt. yahu- ‘restless’, Grk. ἰχανάω ‘desire’. 
      Walde-P. 1.195f. Weigand-H. 1.940. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.79: OHG weidōn, jagōn, MHG, NHG jagen  -->
</word>

<word sem="HUSBAND">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="PERSON1">man</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.31: OHG man (= MAN, PERSON) -->
  <pron r="2">hiːw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.31: OHG hīwo ‘husband’ : Lat. cīvis ‘citizen’, 
      Lith. šeimyna ‘family’, OE hām ‘home’, 
      prob. Ir. cēle ‘companion, husband’, fr. IE *kei- ‘lie’. 
      Walde-P. 1.359. Walde-H. 1.224. Feist 253f. -->
  <pron r="3" deriv="1">mahal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.31: gimahalo (mahal ‘contract’) -->
  <!-- Buck 2.31: OHG man, hīwo, gimahalo, 
    MHG man, gemahele, 
    NHG mann, ehemann, gatte (fr. ‘companion’), gemahl  -->
</word>

<word sem="ICE">
  <pron r="1">iːs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.77: ON īss, OE īs, etc., general Gmc., pro. : Av. aēxa- 
      ‘frost, ice’, NPers. yak ‘ice’. Walde-P. 1.108. Falk-Torp 468, 1490. 
      Barth. 372. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.77: OHG īs, MHG īs, NHG eis  -->
</word>

<word sem="KILL">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="HIT1">slah</pron>
    <!--Buck 4.76: (ir)slahan ‘strike, kill by striking’.  -->
  <!-- Buck 4.76: tōtan (fr. ‘die’), (ir)slahan. See HIT KILL. -->
</word>

<word sem="KNEE">
  <pron r="1">kniu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.36: kniu, kneo.  -->
</word>

<word sem="KNIFE">
  <pron r="1">saxs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.23: mezzisahs, mezzira(h)s, cpd. of sahs ‘large knife, 
     short sword’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="KNOW">  <!-- facts -->
  <pron r="1">wisː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 17.17.1: wizzan -->
  <!-- Buck 17.17: wizzan, 
     ‘be acquainted with’: cunnan, bi-, ir-cnāan, -chennan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LAKE">
  <pron r="1">waːk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.33: OHG wāc ‘wave, sea, lake’ (usu. gl. to Lat. lacus; also 
      locally NHG wog ‘lake’: ON vāgr, OE wǣg ‘wave, sea’, etc.-->
  <!-- Buck 1.33: OHG sēo = SEA, wāc, MHG sē, NHG see (masc.)  -->
</word>

<word sem="LAUGH">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">hlaxː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.25.5: (h)lahhan, also weak lachēn, imit.,  -->
</word>

<word sem="LEAF">
  <pron r="1">blat</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.56: blat. -->
  <pron r="2">loub</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.56: loub ‘leaf, foliage’. -->
  <!-- Buck 8.56: blat, loub ‘leaf, foliage’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LEFT"> <!-- sinister -->
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">win</pron>
    <!-- Buck. 12.42: winistar ‘friendlier’ -->
  <pron r="2">sliŋk</pron>
    <!-- Buck. 12.42.4: slinc. -->
  <!-- Buck. 12.42: winistar, slinc.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LEG">
  <pron r="1" redund="BONE1" deriv="1">bein</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.16: ON bein, OE bān, general Gmc., origin obscure. 
      Falk-Torp. 69. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.16: OHG ‘bone, leg’, MHG bein, 
     NHG knochen (fr, ‘knuckle’) (-bein).
     Buck 4.35: bein, gibeini (collective) ‘bone, leg’. -->
</word>

<word sem="LIE"> <!-- be lying down -->
  <pron r="1">liɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.14: li(g)gan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LIVE"> <!-- be alive -->
  <pron r="1">leb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.74: lebēn  -->
</word>

<word sem="LIVER">
  <pron r="1">libar</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.45: libara.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LONG">
  <pron r="1">laŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.57: lang.  -->
</word>

<word sem="LOUSE">
  <pron r="1">luːs</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: Laus: lūs.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MAN">  <!-- adult male human -->
  <pron r="1">wer</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.21: OE wer, Goth. wair (ON verr ‘husband’) 
      (old Gmc. word, but now obs. except in cpds., as NE werewolf, NHG 
      wergeld; also NE world, etc.); Lat. vir, Umbr. uiro (acc. pl.); 
      Ir. fer, NIr fearm W. 
      gwr, MBr. gour (now ‘no one’); Lith. vyras, Lett. vīrs; Skt., Av. 
      vīra-. Buck 1.1: ON verǫld, OE weorold, OHG weralt, a cpd. of wer ‘man’ 
      and ‘old’. -->
  <!-- Buck 2.21: man (fr. ‘person’), gomman (= cpd. of gomo ‘person’ + man) 
    (wer, karl), MHG man, NHG mann  -->
</word>

<word sem="MANY">
  <pron r="1">manaɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.15.4: manag in pl. (sg. = ‘much’).  -->
  <pron r="2" redund="BIG1">mixːil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.15.4: mihhil = BIG.  -->
  <pron r="3">fil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.15.1: filu, noun + gen. pl. -->
  <!-- Buck 13.15: manag, mihhil, filu.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MEAT">
  <pron r="1">fleisk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.61: fleisk.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MOON">
  <pron r="1">maːn</pron>
    <!--Buck 1.53: Differentiated from ‘month’: NE moon, Goth. mēna ‘moon’, 
      Skt. mās-, 
      ChSl. měsęcĭ, Toch. A mañ, Lat. mēnsis ‘month’, Ir. 
      mī. IE *mēnes-, *mēn(n)s- ‘moon’ and ‘month’, presumably fr. *mē- 
      ‘measure’. Walde-P. 2.271f. Ernout-M. 607f. Walde-H. 2.71. Berneker 
      2.51.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.53: OHG māno, MHG māne, NHG mond. -->
</word>

<word sem="MOTHER">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">muo</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.36: OHG muotar, MHG muoter, NHG mutter -->
</word>

<word sem="MOUNTAIN">
  <pron r="1">berɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.22: OHG, NHG berg : OE beorg ‘mountain, hill, burial mound’, 
      Dan. bjerg, Sw. berg, etc, the most 
      widespread Gmc. word for ‘mountain’ : Skt. bṛhant- ‘high, great’, Av. 
      bərəzant- ‘high’, barəzah- ‘height, mountain’, Arm. berj ‘height’, Ir. 
      brī, acc. brig ‘hill’. Walde-P. 2.172ff. Falk-Torp 77.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.22: OHG berg; buhil, houc; MHG berg; bühel, hübel, houc; NHG
    berg; hügel. Words for ‘hill’ are from IE *keup-, etc., ‘curve’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="MOUTH">
  <pron r="1" motiv="0.7">mund</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.24: mund. [Imitative /m/-?]   -->
</word>

<word sem="NAME">
  <pron r="1">namo</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.28.1: namo.  -->
</word>

<word sem="NARROW">
  <pron r="1">eŋɡ</pron>
  <pron r="2">aŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.62.1: engi, angi.  -->
  <pron r="3">smal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.62.5: smal.  -->
  <!-- Buck 12.62: engi, angi, smal.  -->
</word>

<word sem="NEAR">
  <pron r="1">naːh</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.43: nāh(o).  -->
</word>

<word sem="NECK">
  <pron r="1">hals</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.28: hals.  -->
</word>

<word sem="NEW">
  <pron r="1">niuw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.13.1: niuwi.  -->
</word>

<word sem="NIGHT">
  <pron r="1">naxt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.42: naht  -->
</word>

<word sem="NOSE">
  <pron r="1" motiv="0.7">nas</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.23: nasa. Imitative /n/? -->
</word>

<word sem="NOW">
  <pron r="1" redund="NEW1">nu</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.18: nū̆, related to niuwi ‘NEW’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="OLD">
  <pron r="1">alt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.15.7: alt -->
  <pron r="2">firn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.15.7: firni. -->
  <!-- Buck 14.15: alt, firni.  -->
</word>

<word sem="ONE">
  <pron r="1">ein</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.32.1: ein.  -->
</word>

<word sem="OTHER">
  <pron r="1">andar</pron>
    <!-- Wright: andar, ander, num. aj. second, other.  -->
</word>

<word sem="PERSON">
  <pron r="1">man</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.1: OHG man, NHG 
      mann, OE man(n), mon, NE Man, Goth. manna, ON maðr, etc.
      (the most widespread Gmc. word, with extension to ‘male 
      adult’); ChSl. mąžĭ (fr. *mągjo- with a guttural suffix, as in Lith. 
      žmogus), SCr., Boh., Russ. muž, Pol. mąž (general Slavic word, with 
      shift to ‘male adult’); Skt. manu-, manuṣ-, manuṣa-, mānuṣa-. IE word 
      for ‘person’. Perhaps *men ‘think’, perhaps with an earlier meaning 
      like ‘breathe’; or some connection to Lat.manus ‘hand’. Walde-P. 2.266. 
      Falk-Torp 693. Feist 344f. After meaning extended to ‘male adult’, 
      place taken by derived adj. like Goth, mannisks = ἀνθρώπινος. Hence 
      OGH mannisco, mennisco, MHG, NHG, Du. mensch, Dan. menneske, Sw. 
      menniska. Falk-Torp 714. Weigand-H. 2.168. In Slavic shifted even 
      further to ‘husband’, forming new derivatives for ‘male adult’, as 
      SCr. muškarac, Russ. mužčina, etc. -->
  <pron r="2">ɡom</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.1: OHG gomo, OE guma, ON gumi, Goth. guma (translate ἀνήρ),
      (old Gmc. word, now only in cpds.like NHG bräutigam, 
      NE bridegroom fr. OE brydguma); Ir. duine, W. dyn, Br. den; 
      Lat. homō (whence It. uomo, Fr. homme, etc.), OLat. hemo, Osc. humuns 
      ‘homines’; OLith. žmuo, OPruss. smoy, Lith. žmogus, pl. žmonės; 
      Toch. B. śaumo, pl. šāmna : Lat. humus, 
      Grk. χθών, Lith. žemé ‘earth’. Walde-P. 1.663. Ernout-M. 457f. Walde-H. 
      1.654f. Pedersen 1.89. Vendryes, RC 40.437ff. 
      Buck 1.21: IE *g̑hem- and *g̑hðem-
      (Walde-P. 1.662f., Ernout-M. 464, Walde-H. 1.664f), cf. Hitt. tekan, 
      Toch. A tkaṃ `earth' (suggesting IE *dheghom-, *dhghom- (Kretschmer, 
      Glotta 20.66f), Lat. humus, Ir. dū, Lith. žemė, Lett. zeme, OPruss. 
      semmin (acc. sg.), ChSl. zemlja, etc., general Balto-Slavic for `earth' 
      and `land'; Skt. kṣam- (gen. usually jmas), Vedic and in sense b, esp. 
      `earth' vs. `sky'; Av. zam- (gen. zemō = Skt. jmas) `earth' in all 
      senses, Alb. dhe `earth'. -->
  <!-- Buck 2.1 MAN (Human Being): man, mannisco, gomo, MHG, NHG mensch  -->
</word>

<word sem="PLAY">
  <pron r="1">spil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.26.4: spilōn.  -->
</word>

<word sem="PULL">
  <pron r="1">tsioh</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.33: ziohan.  -->
  <pron r="2">dins</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.33: dinsan.  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.33: ziohan, dinsan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="PUSH">
  <pron r="1">skiob</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.67: scioban.  -->
</word>

<word sem="RAIN">
  <pron r="1">reɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.75: OE regn, Goth. rign, general Gmc., etym. dub. perh. (rek- 
      beside reg-?): ON rakr ‘wet’, Lat. rigāre ‘moisten’ (with i fr. cpds.). 
      Walde-P. 2.365. Falk-Torp 887. Feist 397. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.75: OHG regan, MHG, NHG regen  -->
</word>

<word sem="RED">
  <pron r="1">roːt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.66: rōt.  -->
</word>

<word sem="RIGHT">  <!-- dexter -->
  <pron r="1">tses</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.41.1: zeso.  -->
</word>

<word sem="RIVER">
  <pron r="1">flus</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.36 OHG fluz, MHG vluz, NHG fluss, fr. root of OHG fliozan 
      ‘flow’, NE ‘flow’. -->
  <pron r="2">ah</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.36 OHG aha: OE ēa, ON ā, Goth. ahwa, Lat. aqua ‘water’: IE 
      *akʷā- or 
      *ak̑wā-. Walde-P. 1.34f. Ernout-M. 64. Walde-H. 1.60. Feist 18f. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.36 river; stream; brook: OHG fluz, aha; strōm; bah; MHG vluz; 
    strōm; bach; NHG fluss; strom; bach  -->
</word>

<word sem="ROAD"> 
  <pron r="1">weɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.71.4: weg -->
  <pron r="2" loan="1">straːs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.71.4: strāza.  -->
  <!-- Buck 10.71: weɡ, strāza.  -->
</word>

<word sem="ROOT">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">al</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.54: wurzala (‘plant+stick’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="ROPE">
  <pron r="1">seil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: seil -->
  <pron r="2">strik</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: stric -->
  <pron r="3">reif</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: reif. -->
  <pron r="4">straŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: strang -->
  <pron r="5">snuor</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: snuor -->
  <pron r="6">liːn</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.19: līna -->
  <!-- Buck 9.19: seil, stric, reif, strang, snuor, līna.  -->
</word>

<word sem="ROTTEN">   <!-- as of a log -->
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">fuːl</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: fūl ‘rotten, decayed’. -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1">broxː</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: firbrohhan ‘spoilt’. -->
  <pron r="3">rimpf</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: rimpfan ‘decay’. -->
</word>

<word sem="ROUND">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">wel</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.81: sinwel ‘always+turning’ -->
</word>

<word sem="RUB">
  <pron r="1">ɡniːt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.31: gnītan. -->
  <pron r="2">riːb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.31: rīban. -->
  <!-- Buck 9.31: gnītan, rīban.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SALT">
  <pron r="1">salts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.81: salz.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SAND">
  <pron r="1">sant</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.215: OHG sant, MHG sant, NHG sand  -->
</word>

<word sem="SAY">  <!-- or speak -->
  <pron r="1">kwed</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.22.5: quedan -->
  <pron r="2">saɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.22.1: sagēn. -->
  <!-- Buck 18.22: quedan, sagēn.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SCRATCH">   <!-- an itch  -->
  <pron r="1">jukː</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: jukken 34 ‘jucken, kitzeln, kratzen, itch, tickle, 
      fricare, prurire, scabere’.  -->
  <pron r="2" motiv="0.7">gnifː</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: gniffen 3 ‘jucken, kratzen, itch, prurire’.  -->
  <pron r="3" deriv="1" redund="CLAW1">klaːw</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: klāwen ‘kratzen, krauen, scharren, scrath, prurire’ -->
</word>

<word sem="SEA">
  <pron r="1">mar</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.32: OHG mari, MHG mer, NHG meer, OE mere mostly 
      ‘lake’, ON marr (poet.), Goth marei, ChSl. morje, from IE *mari (or 
      *mori). Walde-P. 2.234. Ernout-M. 592.  Walde-H. 2.39f.  -->
  <pron r="2">seːo</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.32: OHG sēo, MHG sē ‘sea’ or ‘lake’, NHG see fem. ‘sea’, 
      masc. ‘lake’: OE sǣ, ON sær, Goth. saiws ‘lake’, , all 
      fr. a Gmc. *saiwi-, outside connections wholly doubtful. Walde-P. 2.464. 
      Feist 406f. Falk-Thorp 1232.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.32: OHG mari, sēo, MHG mer, sē, NHG meer, see (fem.)  -->
</word>

<word sem="SEE">
  <pron r="1">seh</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.51.9: sehan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SEED">
  <pron r="1">saː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 8.31: sāmo.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SEW">
  <pron r="1">siuw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 6.35: siuwan. -->
  <pron r="2">naːj</pron>
    <!-- Buck 6.35: nājan.  -->
  <!-- Buck 6.35: siuwan, nājan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SHARP">  <!-- knife -->
  <pron r="1">skarf</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.78.5: s(c)arf, rarely ‘rough’. -->
  <pron r="2">hwas</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.78.5: (h)was(s). -->
  <!-- Buck 15.78: s(c)arf, (h)was.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SHORT">
  <pron r="1">skurts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.59.5: scurz  -->
  <pron r="2">skamːeːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.59.5: skammēr -->
  <pron r="3" loan="0.7">kkurts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.59: churz (prob. fr. Lat. curtus) -->
  <!-- Buck 12.59: churz, scurz, skammēr.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SING">
  <pron r="1">siŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.12.5: singan  -->
  <pron r="2">ɡal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 18.12.5: galan.  -->
  <!-- Buck 18.12: singan, galan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SIT">  <!-- be sitting down  -->
  <pron r="1">sitːs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.13.1: sizzan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SKIN">
  <pron r="1">huːt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.12: ON hūð, OE hȳd,OHG hūt, general Gmc. word for ‘skin’ : 
      Grk. σκῦτος ‘hide, leather’, Lat. cutis ‘skin’, OPruss. keuto ‘skin’  
      : OE hȳdan ‘cover, hide’, fr. IE *(s)keu- with various extensions.  
      Walde-P. 2.546ff. Ernout-M. 249. Falk-Torp 425. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.12: OHG hūt, fel, MHG hūt, vel, NHG haut (fell ‘hide’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="SKY">
  <pron r="1">himil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.51 sky, heavens: himil, MHG himel, NHG himmel  -->
</word>

<word sem="SLEEP">
  <pron r="1">slaːf</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.61: slāfan  -->
  <pron r="2">sweb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.61: antswebjan, -swebban ‘put to sleep’. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.61: slāfan; slāf. antswebjan, -swebban ‘put to sleep’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SMALL">
  <pron r="1">lutːsil</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.56.4: luzzil  -->
  <pron r="2">smaːh</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.56.1: smāhi ‘little, insignificant’. -->
  <!-- Buck 12.56: luzzil, smāh(i), smal ‘slender, narrow, small’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SMELL">   <!-- perceive odor -->
  <pron r="1">stiŋk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.21.5: stincan, sb. stanc -->
  <!-- Buck 15.21: stincan; obj: stincan, riohhan, swehhan; 
    subst: stanc, rouh, sweche.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SMOKE">
  <pron r="1">rouh</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.83: OHG rouh, OE rēc, ME reke (NE reek in Scotland),  
      ON reykr, general Gmc., beside vb. ON rjūka, OE rēocan, prob : 
      Lat. ructāre 
      ‘spew, belch’. Walde-P. 2.357. Falk-Torp 934. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.83, SMOKE (sb.): rouh, MHG rouch, NHG rauch.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SMOOTH">
  <pron r="1">slext</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.77.1: sleht -->
  <pron r="2">eban</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.77.4: eban, also and orig. ‘even, level, flat’.  -->
  <!-- Buck 15.77: sleht, eban.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SNAKE">
  <pron r="1">naːtr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.85: 
      OHG nāt(a)ra, OE næd(d)re, ME (n)addre, Goth. nadrs, ON naðr, 
      Ir. nathir, NIr. nathair, W. neidr, Br. aer, 
      here also Lat. nātrix ‘water snake’, perh. fr. a root 
      *(s)nē- ‘turn, twist’. Walde-P. 2.327f., 694. -->
  <pron r="2">wurm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.85: OE wyrm, ON ormr, Goth. waurms, Sw. orm, all originally
      ‘worm’; Lat. vermis. 
      IE *wṛmi- fr. *wer- ‘turn, twist’ in Lat. vertere.
      Walde-P. 1.271. Ernout-M.1090. NED. -->
  <pron r="3">slaŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.85: OHG slango, MHG, MLG slange (whence Dan. slange), 
      Du. slang, NHG schlange : OHG slingan ‘turn, wind’, refl. ‘crawl’, 
      OE slingan ‘crawl’. Walde-P. 2.714. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.85: OHG nāt(a)ra, wurm, slango, MHG slange, wurm, NHG schlange
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SNOW">
  <pron r="1">sneːo</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.76: OE snāw, Goth. snaiws, general Gmc.; νίφα acc. sg., 
      Lat. nix, nivis, vb. 
      ninguit, Ir. snechte, Lith. sniegas, ChSl. sněgŭ, Av. 
      snaēg-; here prob., but no trace of meaning ‘snoq’, Skt. snih- ‘be 
      sticky’. IE *snigʷh-, *snoigʷho-, vb. *sneigʷh-. Walde-P. 2.695. 
      Ernout-M. 673. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.76: OHG snēo, MHG snē, NHG schnee.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SPIT">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">spiːw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.56: spīwan, imitative.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SPLIT">
  <pron r="1">kliob</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.27: klioban  -->
  <pron r="2">spalt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.27: spaltan  -->
  <!-- Buck 9.27: spaltan, klioban.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SQUEEZE">
  <pron r="1">duːh</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: dūhen, bidūhen, firdūhen, gidūhen.  -->
</word>

<word sem="STAB">  <!-- or stick or pierce -->
  <pron r="1">stexː</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: stehhan 34 ‘stechen, erstechen, durchbohren, stecken, stoßen, 
       stitch, stab’. -->
</word>

<word sem="STAND">   <!-- be standing up  -->
  <pron r="1">stant</pron>
  <pron r="2">staː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.15: stantan, stān.  -->
</word>

<word sem="STAR">
  <pron r="1">ster</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.54: all the Hmc. forms: OE steorra, Goth. stairnō, Grk. ἀστήρ, 
      ἄστρον, Lat. stēlla,
      W. seren, Skt. star- and tārā-, Arm. astł;, Hitt. astiras,
      Toch A. śreñ. IE *ster-, orig. disputed. Perhaps *ster- ‘spread out’.  
      Walde-P. 2.635f. Ipsen, IF 41.179ff. Feist 448. Wackernagel-Debrunner,  
      KZ 67.161 ff. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.54: OHG sterro, sterno, MHG stërne, NHG stern  -->
</word>

<word sem="STICK">   <!-- of wood  -->
  <pron r="1">stok</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: stok ‘Stock, Stumpf, stick, trunk’. -->
  <pron r="2">staŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: stanga ‘Stange, Stock, Spieß, Stab, Wurfspieß, 
       bar, pole, bolt, spear’. -->
  <pron r="3">stekː</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: stekko ‘Stecken, Stock, Pfahl, Pflock, stick’. -->
</word>

<word sem="STONE">
  <pron r="1">stein</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.44 stone: OHG stein.  -->
  <!-- Buck 1.44 stone, rock: OHG stein; felis, fesliso; MHG stein; vels,
    velse; NHG stein; fels, felsen -->
</word>

<word sem="STRAIGHT">
  <pron r="1">rext</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.73.1: reht, gereht.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SUCK">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">suːɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 5.16: sūgan [imit.] -->
  <!-- Buck 5.16: sūgan (tāen ‘suckle’).  -->
</word>

<word sem="SUN">
  <pron r="1">sunː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.52: IE *sāwel-, with parallel n-form. Walde-P. 2.446. 
      Ernout-M. 950f. Falk-Torp 1105. Feist 412, 460. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.52: sunna, MHG sunne, NHG sonne.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SWELL">
  <pron r="1">swelː</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: giswellan, swellan, ziswellan.  -->
  <pron r="2">ɡeilis</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: geilisōn.  -->
</word>

<word sem="SWIM">
  <pron r="1">swimː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.35: swimman.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TAIL">
  <pron r="1">tsaɡal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.18: OHG zagal, MHG zagel (now ‘penis’), 
      OE tægl ‘tail’, ME, NE tail, 
      ON tagl ‘horse’s tail’ (Sw. tagel ‘horsehair’) 
      : Skt. daçā- ‘fringe of cloth’. 
      Walde-P. 1.785. Falk-Torp 1242. Feist 470. -->
  <!-- Buck 4.18: zagal.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THICK">
  <pron r="1">dikː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.63.5: dicchi.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THIN">
  <pron r="1">dunː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.65.1: dunni.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THINK">
  <pron r="1">denk</pron>
    <!-- Buck 17.13.4: denken. -->
  <pron r="2">huɡː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 17.13.4: huggen. -->
  <!-- Buck 17.13: denken, huggen.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THREE">
  <pron r="1">driː</pron>
    <!-- Buck 13.41: drī.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THROW">
  <pron r="1">werf</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.25: werfan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TIE">
  <pron r="1">bint</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.16: bintan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TONGUE">
  <pron r="1">tsuŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.26: zunga.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TOOTH">
  <pron r="1">tsan</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.27: zan(d), fr. IE ‘eat’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TREE">
  <pron r="1">boum</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.42: OHG, MHG boum, NHG baum, OE bēam, ON baðmr, eytm. dub. 
      (: Grk. φῆμα ‘growth’?). Walde-P. 
      2.143. Feist 73. Falk-Torp 92. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.42: OHG boum, MHG boum, NHG baum  -->
</word>

<word sem="TRUE">
  <pron r="1">waːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.66.1: wār(i).  -->
</word>

<word sem="TURN">  <!-- change direction of motion -->
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">went</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.12: wenten, causative to wintan ‘wind’.  -->
  <pron r="2">hwerb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.12: (h)werban.  -->
  <pron r="3">keːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.12: kēran.  -->
  <!-- Buck 10.12: wenten,kēran, (h)werban.  -->
</word>

<word sem="TWO">
  <pron r="1">tsw</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: zwēne, zwa, zwō, zwei. -->
</word>

<word sem="VOMIT">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1" redund="SPIT1">spīw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.57: (ar)spīwan [imitative, like ‘spit’].  -->
</word>

<word sem="WALK">  <!-- or go -->
  <pron r="1">ɡaː</pron>
  <pron r="2">ɡaŋɡ</pron>
    <!-- Buck 10.45: gān, gangen ‘walk, go’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WARM">
  <pron r="1">warm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.85: warm.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WASH">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="WATER1">wask</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.36: wascan (based on ‘water’).  -->
  <pron r="2">dwah</pron>
    <!-- Buck 9.36: dwahan -->
  <!-- Buck 9.36: wascan, dwahan.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WATER">
  <pron r="1">watːsar</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.31: OHG wazzar, MHG wazzer, NHG wasser.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WET">
  <pron r="1">nas</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.83.5: naz -->
  <pron r="2">fuːxt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.83.5: fūhti -->
  <!-- Buck 15.83: naz, fūhti.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WHITE">
  <pron r="1">hwiːs</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.64.4: (h)wīz.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WIDE">
  <pron r="1">breit</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.61.6: breit. -->
  <pron r="2">wiːt</pron>
    <!-- Buck 12.61: wīt.  -->
  <!-- Buck 12.61: breit, wīt.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WIFE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="WOMAN2">kwen</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.32: OHG quena (= WOMAN) -->
  <pron r="2" deriv="1" redund="WOMAN1">wiːb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.32: wīb (= WOMAN) -->
  <pron r="3" deriv="1" redund="HUSBAND2">hiːw</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.32: hīwa (fem. of hīwo ‘husband’) -->
  <pron r="4" deriv="1" redund="HUSBAND3">mahal</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.32: gimahala (mahal ‘contract’) -->
  <!-- Buck 2.32: OHG quena, wīb, hīwa, gimahala, 
    MHG kone, wīp, gemahele, 
    NHG frau, ehefrau (‘marriage+woman’), gattin (fem. of gatte ‘husband’), 
      gemahlin  -->
</word>

<word sem="WIND">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">wint</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.72: OHG, MHG wint, NHG wind  -->
</word>

<word sem="WING">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="FEATHER1">feder</pron>
  <pron r="2" deriv="1" redund="FEATHER1">fetːah</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.392: federah, fettach, fr. federa ‘FEATHER’.  -->
</word>

<word sem="WIPE">
  <pron r="1">swerb</pron>
    <!-- Wright: sw&euml;rban (su&euml;rban), sv. III, wipe, dry. -->
  <pron r="2">wisk</pron>
    <!-- Köbler: wiskēn ‘wischen, schleifen, abtrocknen, wipe, smoothe, dry.
      -->
</word>

<word sem="WOMAN">
  <pron r="1">wiːb</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.22: OHG wīb, MHG wīp, NHG weib ‘woman’ 
      and  ‘wife’, usu. replaced by frau, as likewise Du. wijf by vrouw. 
      OE wīf, ME wife ‘woman, wife’, cpd. 
      wīfman ‘woman’ becoming ME, NE woman, 
      ON vīf (poet.). Etym 
      wholly dub. Falk-Thorp 1390. Weigand-H. 2.1224. Paul, Deutsches Wtb.
      -->
  <pron r="2">kwen</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.22: OHG quena, OE cwene (and cwēn ‘wife’); ON kona 
      (gen. pl. kvinna); Dan. kvinde (and kone ‘wife’), Sw. kvinna, 
      Goth. qinō (and qēns ‘wife’); Ir. ben, NIr. bean, W. benyw; 
      Grk. γυνή (Boeot. βανά), gen. γυναικός, NG γυναῖκα; 
      OPruss. genna,ChSl. žena; Skt. jani-, 
      janī-, -jāni-, Av. ǰani- (NPers. zan), gənā-, etc.; Arm. kin; Toch. 
      śäṃ. -->
  <!-- Buck 2.22: wīb, quena, MHG wīp, NHG frau (fr, ‘mistress’), weib  -->
</word>

<word sem="WOODS">
  <pron r="1">wald</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.41: OHG-NHG wald ‘woods’, OE weald ‘woods’, also ‘hill, upland 
      plain’, ON vǫllr ‘untilled field’,  
      best taken as : NE wild. Walde-P. 1.297. Falk-Torp 1391. Kluge-G. 668. 
    -->
  <pron r="2">holts</pron>
    <!-- Buck 1.41: OHG, MHG holz 
      ‘woods’ and ‘wood’, NHG holz ‘wood’ (as  ‘woods’ arch.), E, ON holt 
      ‘woods, copse’: Ir. caill, Grk. κλάδος ‘branch’, fr.  
      *keld-d- ‘break off, split’. Walde-P. 1.438f. Falk-Torp 416. NED s.v.  
      holt. Despite etym., meaning ‘woods’ clearly precedes meaning ‘wood’. -->
  <!-- Buck 1.41: wald, holz, MHG wald, holz, NHG wald  -->
</word>

<word sem="WORM">
  <pron r="1">wurm</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.84: 
      Goth. waurms, ON ormr, OE wyrm, OHG wurm, general Gmc.; Lat. vermis. 
      IE *wṛmi- fr. *wer- ‘turn, twist’ in Lat. vertere.
      Walde-P. 1.271. Ernout-M.1090. NED. -->
  <pron r="2">mad</pron>
    <!-- Buck 3.84: OHG mado, Goth. maþa, ON maðkr, OE maþa, these mostly 
      ‘maggot’; possibly : NE moth, Skt. matkuṇa- ‘bug’. Walde-P. 2.228. 
      Falk-Torp 700. Hellquist 634. -->
  <!-- Buck 3.84: OHG-NHG wurm  -->
</word>

<word sem="YEAR">
  <pron r="1">jaːr</pron>
    <!-- Buck 14.73.2: jār.  -->
</word>

<word sem="YELLOW">
  <pron r="1">ɡelo</pron>
    <!-- Buck 15.69: gelo.  -->
</word>

</language>

<!-- References.
Buck  Buck, Carl Darling. (1949). A dictionary of selected synonyms in the
      principal Indo-European languages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
      Referenced by concept number.
Köbler  Köbler, Gerhard, (2003).  Neuhochdeutsch-althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 
      2. A. http://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/althochdeutscheswoerterbuch/nhd-ahd.pdf


No effort has been made to distinguish close e (i.e., ä) from open ë,  
or bilabial (High German) from labiodental (Common Germanic) f.  
These distinctions aren't marked in the orthography, and will surely 
have a minuscule effect on long-range comparisons.

The distinction between  s  and fricative  z  is noted in the orthography, 
but is omitted here because the precise difference is unclear and at any rate
presumably very small.

-->