<?xml version="1.0"?>
<language id="ALB"> <!-- Albanian -->

<word sem="ALL">
  <pron r="1">ɟi</pron>
  <!-- gjithë -->
  <!-- Meyer suggested a loan
      from Kurdish, but generally considered PIE "sem-k̑o-", root
      "sem" ‘one’.  Huld 69. Mann 109.  Walde 489*.  Pokorny 903.
       Ringe 1993 has /dʹiθə/.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ANIMAL">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">kafʃ</pron>
  <!-- kafshë -->
  <!-- Also means ‘thing’, and is a loan from Lat. "causa", which
      has no known cognates.  Mann 2. Huld 79 (citing also Meyer,
      Haarmann).  EM "causa".  Not in Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ASHES">
  <pron r="1">hi</pron>
  <!-- hi -->
  <!-- PAlb "hin-", possibly cognate to the LAT "cinis" as
      "sk̑ino-", though there are problems. Huld 74.  Walde 392.  
       Ringe 1993: /hi/.     
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BACK">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">ʃpin</pron>
  <!-- shpinë -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "spīna" ‘thorn, backbone’, from PIE
      "spei-nā-", root "spei".  Not in Mann, Huld. 
      Çabej 131.  Janson 113.  EM "spīna".  Pokorny
      981.  Watkins "spei-".
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BAD">
  <pron r="1" loan="0.5" motiv="1">kec</pron>
  <!-- keq -->
  <!-- Generally believed to be a loan from Greek "kakos", although
      this isn't clear; it could be native.  Either way, it sounds
      like a common nursery word, /kaka/.  Mann 112.  Huld 79.  Walde
      336. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BARK">
  <pron r="1">ʃkəlboz</pron>
  <!-- shkëlbozë -->
  <!-- Kiçi.  Not in Drizari, Kacori. 
       Ringe 1993: /škəlbozə/. Drizari lists
      "lëvezhgë", "zhapë"; 
        Kiçi lists "lëkurë, shkëlbozë".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BELLY">
  <pron r="1">bar</pron>
  <!-- bark -->
  <!-- Generally referred to PIE "bher" ‘carry’.  Huld 40.
      Walde 154*.  Pokorny 129.
       Ringe 1993: /bark/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BIG">
  <pron r="1">mað</pron>
  <!-- madh -->
  <!-- PAlb "mað", PIE "mag̑yo-", root "mag̑-".  Mann
      111. Huld 88. Walde 257. Pokorny 708.
       Ringe: /mað/. Buck 12.55.1: madh.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BIRD">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">zoɡ</pron>
  <!-- zog -->
  <!-- PAlb "zog".  Many guesses as to IE
      etymology (Pokorny lists "g̑hāgʷh-"), but may well
      be a loan.  Mann 35. Huld 135. Walde 531. Pokorny 409.
       Ringe 1993: /zog/.  "g̑hāgʷh-" becomes Persian
      "zāq". cf. Sogdian "z'ɣ", a  kind of bird  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BITE">
  <pron r="1">kafʃ</pron>
  <!-- kafshon -->
  <!-- Drizari: "kafshój" ‘I bite’.  Not in Walde.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BLACK">
  <pron r="1">zez</pron>
  <!-- zi -->
  <!-- Fem. "zezë".  Pre-PAlb stem "zɪd-".  PIE root
      approximately "gʷidh-" .  Mann 110.  Huld 134.  Walde 696.
      Pokorny 485. 
       Ringe: /zi/.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BLOOD">
  <pron r="1">ɟak</pron>
  <!-- gjak -->
  <!-- PIE "sokʷos" ‘juice’.  Mann 37.
      Huld 67.  Walde 515*, 468*.  Pokorny 1044. 
       Ringe 1993: /dʹak/.     
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BLOW">
  <pron r="1" motiv="0.7">fry</pron>
  <!-- fryn -->
  <!-- Same morpheme as ‘breathe’. Çabej suggested
      onomatopoetic. Mann 38.  Huld 65. Not in Pokorny. 
       1sg: "fryj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BONE">
  <pron r="1">kotsk</pron>
    <!-- kockë. Ringe 1993: /kockə/.  Drizari: "koskë, eshtra". -->
  <pron r="2">eʃt</pron>
    <!-- Drizari: eshtra.
    Buck 4.16: Alb. asht, Grk. ὀστέον, 
    Lat. os, gen. ossis, also ossu, ossum; 
    W. asgwrn, Br. askourn, Corn. ascorn; 
    Skt. asthi-, gen. asthnas, Av. ast-, asti-; Arm. oskr. 
    Here also ChSl. kostĭ? IE *ost-, etc. Walde-P. 1.185f. Ernout-M. 716. -->
</word>

<word sem="BREAST">
  <pron r="1">ɟi</pron>
    <!-- gji. Mann compares to Lat. "sinus".  Not in Walde. Mann 92.  
       Ringe 1993: /dʹi/, /sisə/.
     -->
  <pron r="2" motiv="1">sis</pron>
    <!-- Ringe 1993: /sisə/.  -->
  <!-- Ringe 1993: /dʹi/, /sisə/.  -->
</word>

<word sem="BREATHE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="BLOW1">fry</pron>
  <!-- marr frymë -->
  <!-- ‘He takes breath.’  Distinctive part is "frymë"
      ‘breath’. Some have attempted to connect to LAT. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="BURN">
  <pron r="1">diɟ</pron>
  <pron r="2">djeɡ</pron>
    <!-- digjet -->
    <!-- "Digjet" is reflexive; base transitive is "djeg" (both
      numbers).  PA "djeg-", earlier "dɛg-", PIE "dhegʷh-"
      ‘burn’.  Drizari.  Kacori 256.  Huld 53.  Mann 154.  Pokorny 240, 7.
       Ringe 1993: /didʹet/,
        pp. /dyégur/. "dhegʷh-" gave ENG "day", GER "Tag" . 
      Buck 1.85: Alb. djégë ‘burn’, Slavic with assimilatory change *deg- 
      to *geg-, 
      whence žeg-, ChSl. žešti, žegą, SCr. žeći (Boh. žeci, Pol. żec formerly 
      ‘burn’ now ‘scorch’), Russ. žeč′; Lith. 
      degti, Lett. degt; Skt. dah-, Av. dag-  (3sg dažaiti =
      Skt. dahati); NIr. dōighim (denom., cf. MIr. daig 
      ‘fire’, NIr. doigh ‘pain’, Toch. tsäk- ‘burn’, cf. 
      Lat. fovēre ‘warm’.  IE *dhegʷh-.  Walde-P. 
      1.849. Ernout-M. 384. Walde-H. 1.466f.
      Buck 1.81: Ir. daig (MW goddaith ‘great fire’). -->
</word>

<word sem="CHILD">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">fəmilj</pron>
  <!-- fëmiljë -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "familia", from "famulus" ‘domestic servant’,
      derived from a "fam-" not elsewhere attested, but perhaps from
      "dheH" ‘put’.  EM "famulus". Huld 10.  Janson 116.  Pokorny 238.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="CLAW">
  <pron r="1">θon</pron>
  <!-- thua, pl. thonjë -->
  <!-- ‘Finger-, toe-nail, claw’.  PAlb
      "θua, θoNi", earlier "θonC-."  Approx. PIE
      "k̑eH₁n(T)s".  Huld 120.  Mann 44.
       Ringe 1993: /θua/.  PIE may be connected to Eng/Ger
      ‘hand’.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="CLOUD">
  <pron r="1">re</pron>
  <!-- re -->
  <!-- PAlb "ren", pl. "ran".  Meyer equated
      with Ger. "Rauch" ‘smoke’ (PIE "reug"), Huld with
      Lat. "ros" ‘dew’.  Huld 107.  Walde 357*. Pokorny 872.
       Ringe 1993: /re/.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="COLD">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">toh</pron>
  <!-- ftohët -->
  <!-- PAlb "ftohëtë",
      adj. form of "ftoh" ‘I chill’. "F-" is privative, root is PIE "tep"
      of Lat. "tepeo".  Mann 160.  Pokorny 1070.  Huld 65.  Walde
      719.  Watkins "tep-".
       Ringe 1993: /ftohət/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="COME">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">vjen</pron>
  <!-- vjen -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "venit".  Mann 163,  Huld 129. 
       Ringe 1993: /vyen/, pp. /árður/.  1sg: "vij",
       PIE root "gʷem".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="COUNT">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="0.5">numər</pron>
  <!-- numëron -->
  <!-- Not in Mann, Huld, Janson.  I assume from Lat.
      "numerare", viz., noun "numër".  Kiçi.
       1sg "numeroj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="CRY"> <!-- weep -->
  <pron r="1" loan="0.5">caj</pron>
    <!-- Buck 16.37.2: qaj, formerly spelt kl′an′, k′an′, prob. loan from 
    Greek κλαίει, but possibly cognate.  -->
</word>

<word sem="CUT">
  <pron r="1">pr</pron>
  <!-- pres -->
  <!-- PIE "per" ‘hit’. Huld 105. Pokorny 819.  Walde 42*.  Watkins
      "per-5". 
       1sg: pres.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DAY">
  <pron r="1">dit</pron>
  <!-- ditë -->
  <!-- Possibly PIE "dei" ‘shine’, but more likely a PIE "diHti"
      ‘period of time’, root "diH" ‘divide’.  Pokorny
      175.  Mann 77.  Huld 52.  Janson 182.  Walde 774*.  Watkins "deiw-",
      "dā-". 
       Variant in Lat. "dies" ‘day’. "diHti" like Ger. "Zeit"
      (English "time")  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DIE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">des</pron>
  <!-- vdes -->
  <!-- Huld relates to "ndjek" ‘chase’, and derives from a
      "H₂aw(o)-tokʷ-ey-", root "tekʷ" ‘run’.  Huld 124.  Mann
      165.  Kacori 247.
       Ringe 1993: /vdes/, pp. /vdékur/. 1,3sg. PAlb "vdes". 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DIG">
  <pron r="1">ɡərm</pron>
  <!-- gërmon -->
  <!-- Kiçi &amp; Aliko (1969). Not in Mann, Huld, Janson.
       1sg. "gërmoj" ‘dig, poke’.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DIRTY">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">dy</pron>
  <!-- ndyrë -->
  <!-- Jokl derives "ndynj" ‘I am dirty’ from PIE
      "dhūgnyō", with prefix "n(ə)-".  Janson 86.
      Not in Mann, Huld.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DOG">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">cen</pron>
  <!-- qen -->
  <!-- Loan from LAT.  Mann 98.  Huld 107.
       Ringe 1993: /tʹen/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DRINK">
  <pron r="1">pi</pron>
  <!-- pi -->
  <!-- PAlb "pi", PIE
      zero-grade "piH₃", root "poH₃i".  Pokorny 840.
      Mann 170.  Huld 103.  Walde 71*.  Watkins "pō(i)-".
       Ringe: /pi/, pp. /pirə/. 1, 3sg.    Buck 5.13: pî.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DRY">
  <pron r="1">θa</pron>
  <!-- thatë -->
  <!-- PAlb. "θatë",
      adj. suffix "-të" to "θa" ("thaj" ‘I dry’), prob.
      PIE "sausni", root "saus" ‘dry’.  Mann 75.  Pokorny 881.  Huld
      117.  Walde 447*.
       Ringe 1993: /θatə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DULL">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="SHARP1">pr</pron>
  <!-- pa mprehtë -->
  <!-- "Pa" ‘without, not’ from PIE "apo";
      "mprehtë" ‘sharp’, qv.  Huld 156. Mann.  Pokorny 54. 
        (Engl. "off") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="DUST">
  <pron r="1">pluhur</pron>
  <!-- pluhur -->
  <!-- Mann derives from PIE "pleus" ‘pluck’, as
      Lat. "plūma" (see Fre. ‘feather’). No better guesses.
      Mann 50. Pokorny 838.  Not in Janson, Huld.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="EAR">
  <pron r="1">veʃ</pron>
  <!-- vesh -->
  <!-- PAlb "veš", earlier "ɑs", PIE "oH₃us" ‘hear’.
      Mann 28, 81.  Huld 127.  Walde 18.  Watkins "ous-".
       Ringe 1993: /veš/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="EARTH">
  <pron r="1">ðe</pron>
  <!-- dhe -->
  <!-- PAlb "ðee", earlier
      "ðeCo". Usu. referred to PIE "deg̑hom" ‘earth’, but
      Huld prefers "dheig̑h" ‘daub with mud’. Mann 84. Huld 57.
      Walde 662.  Pokorny. 
       Ringe 1993: /ðe/. (Lat. "humus"), (Eng. "dough")  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="EAT">
  <pron r="1">ha</pron>
  <!-- ha -->
  <!-- PAlb "haa", earlier "haC".  There are many guesses
      (Skt. "khādati", "ghas-", Lat. "avere"), but probably not
      "ed-".  Kacori 242.  Mann 169.  Huld 72. Walde 119.
       Ringe 1993: /ha/, ppl. /ngrənə/.  1,3sg.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="EGG">
  <pron r="1">vez</pron>
  <!-- vezë -->
  <!-- Generally "ve".  PAlb. "voe,
      vee", from "veo", from "o(y)om", PIE perhaps "H₃oH₂wyom".
      Details are unclear, but probably 
      same ult. root as Lat., Eng., Ger.  Huld 125.  Mann 29.
       Ringe 1993: /vezə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="EYE">
  <pron r="1">sy</pron>
  <!-- sy -->
  <!-- Not clear, but most try some sort of derivation from PIE
      "H₃okʷ".  Mann 97.  Huld 11.  Walde 170.  Pokorny 776. 
       Ringe 1993: /sü/.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FALL">
  <pron r="1">bi</pron>
  <!-- bie -->
  <!-- ‘Hit, fall’, to be distinguished from ‘bring’. PAlb "bie",
      PIE "bher-" ‘bore, strike’.  Pokorny 134.  Mann 171.  Huld 43.
       as in Lat. "ferio" 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FAR">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">larɡ</pron>
  <!-- larg -->
  <!-- From Late Latin "large".  "Largus" ‘generous’ has no clear
      etym.; Pokorny connects with "lardum" to a root "lai" ‘fat’. 
      Mann, p. 199. Pokorny 652.  EM.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FAT">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">ðjam</pron>
  <!-- dhjamë -->
  <!-- Possibly a borrowing from some form of Greek
      "dēmós", possibly from PIE "dā" ‘flow’.
      Mann 55, 97.  Huld 59. Pokorny 175. 
       Ringe 1993 has /ðyamə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FATHER">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" motiv="1">ba</pron>
  <!-- babë -->
  <!-- Also "baba".  Boretzky derives from TUR.  Boretzky 19.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FEAR">
  <pron r="1">frik</pron>
    <!-- Drizari: frikë.  -->
</word>

<word sem="FEATHER">
  <pron r="1">pend</pron>
  <!-- pendë -->
  <!-- Not in any of the etym. dictionaries. LAT loan?
       Ringe 1993: /pendə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FIGHT">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">luft</pron>
  <!-- lufton -->
  <!-- From Low Lat. "lucta", from "luctor",
      perhaps PIE "lugto-", root "leug-" ‘bend’.
      Pokorny 685. Mann 67.  EM "luctor".  Watkins "leug-1".
       1sg: "luftoj".
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FIRE">
  <pron r="1">zjarː</pron>
  <!-- zjarr -->
  <!-- PAlb "zjar̃" alt. with "zjarm",
      PIE "gʷhermo-" ‘warm’, root "gʷher" ‘hot, burn’.  Mann 14,
      35, 53.  Huld 135. Walde 687. Pokorny 494.
       Ringe 1993: /zyaR/.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FISH">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">peʃk</pron>
  <!-- peshk -->
  <!-- Most believe this to be a borrowing from Lat. "piscis".
      Mann 56.  Huld 103. 
       Ringe 1993: /pešk/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FIVE">
  <pron r="1">pes</pron>
  <!-- pesë -->
  <!-- PIE "penkʷe", possibly crossed with "pn̥kʷti-".
      Huld 102.  Pokorny 808.  Mann 32.  Walde 25*.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FLOW">
  <pron r="1">rːjeð</pron>
  <!-- rrjedh -->
  <!-- PAlb "r̃eð", earlier "Crɛð",
      PIE prob. "enreg̑h-", root "reg̑h".  Huld 110.  Mann 143.
      Walde 365*.  Pokorny 857. 
       1,3 sg. "reg̑h" could lead to Eng.,
      Ger. ‘rain’, but not Lat. "rigo" ‘wet’.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FLOWER">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">lul</pron>
  <!-- lule -->
  <!-- Almost certainly a borrowing, perhaps Lat. "lilium".
      Mann 73.  Huld 88. Buck 8.57.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FLY">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">flutur</pron>
  <!-- fluturon -->
  <!-- Çabej considers this a spontaneous, nonarbitrary creation
      (cf. unrelated "fly, flutter, flit" in Eng.).  Çabej 196.
       1sg: "fluturoj".  Also "fluj", "flatroj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FOG">
  <pron r="1">mjeɡuɫ</pron>
  <!-- mjegull -->
  <!-- Also exists in by-forms "mjergull", "njegull".  Closest to
      PIE "merHgʷ" ‘dark’, from root "merH"
      ‘flicker’; probably crossed with orig. "H₃mighlaH₂"
      ‘cloud’.  Pokorny 734, 712.  Huld 93.  Mann 50.  Walde 275*.
       (Eng. ‘murky’)  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FOOT">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">kəmb</pron>
  <!-- këmbë -->
  <!-- Apparently from VLat "camba", "gamba" ‘leg’, from Greek
      "kampḗ", PIE root "kamp" ‘bend’.   Mann 59.  Huld
      80.  Pokorny 525.  EM "gamba".  Watkins "kamp-". 
        (Fre. "jambe"
      ‘leg’, orig. ‘paw’) 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FOUR">
  <pron r="1">katər</pron>
  <!-- katër -->
  <!-- Possibly borrowed from Latin, but no other numeral is;
      perhaps a PIE form "kʷtwor". Huld 79.  Mann 27.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FREEZE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">ɡri</pron>
  <!-- ngrin -->
  <!-- Prefix "en-".  Mann makes base "krūs", as in Greek
      "cryos", PIE root "kreus", perhaps from "kreu" ‘thick blood’.
      Mann 185.  Pokorny 621. Watkins "kreus-".
       1sg "ngrij".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FRUIT">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">pem</pron>
  <!-- pemë -->
  <!-- Probably loan from Lat. "pomum".  Janson 24.  Not in Mann
      or Huld.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="FULL">
  <pron r="1">plo</pron>
  <!-- plotë -->
  <!-- Adj. suffix "-të", root from PIE "pleH₁" ‘pour, fill’.
      Mann 9.  Huld 105.  Pokorny 799.  Walde 64*.
       Ringe 1993 has /plotə/. (ENG, GER, possibly "pyll"
      ‘woods’).    Buck 13.21.1: pl′otë.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="GIVE">
  <pron r="1">jep</pron>
    <!-- jep -->
    <!-- PAlb "jap", earlier "ɛp", PIE "H₁ep" ‘give’.
      Kacori 242.  Mann 164, 171.  Huld 77. 
       Ringe 1993 has /yep/, pp /ðənə/. 1sg:
       "jap".  (cf. Hittite "epzi") 
     -->
  <pron r="2">ðan</pron>
    <!-- Buck 11.21.1: dhanë.  -->
</word>

<word sem="GOOD">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">mir</pron>
  <!-- mirë -->
  <!-- Possibly PIE "meiH" like
      Lat. "mītis" ‘mild’ and Russian "mir" ‘peace’, but most
      often considered a loan from Lat. "mīrus" ‘wonderful’
      (PIE "(s)mei-").  Mann 109.  Huld 92.  Walde 244*.  Pokorny 712,
      967.  EM "mirus".  Sihler 214.  Watkins "smei-". 
       Ringe 1993 has /mirə/. "mīrus" ‘wonderful’,
      which has been linked with Eng. "smile"  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="GRASS">
  <pron r="1">bar</pron>
  <!-- bar -->
  <!-- PIE root "bhar-" or "bhor-".  There's a slight chance there
      is some connection with "bher" ‘carry’, in which case this might
      be cognate with "bark" ‘belly’ and/or "burrë" ‘husband’, ‘man’.
      Pokorny 130. Huld 150.  Mann 91.  Janson 27.  Walde 134*.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="GREEN">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">ɟelb</pron>
  <!-- gjelbër -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat.
      "galbinus" ‘pale green’ (‘yellow’ in the Romance languages),
      from "galbus".  That itself appears late, may be 
      a loanword, in which case it may be from PIE "g̑hel-"
      ‘yellow, green’.  Pokorny 429.  EM "galbus".  Huld 84.  
       Ringe 1993 has /dʹelbər/. :
      Fre. "jaune".  "g̑hel-"the source of Eng. "yellow", Ger. "gelb"
      ‘yellow’, and, much less certainly, Ger. "glatt" ‘smooth’.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="GUTS">
  <pron r="1">zorː</pron>
  <!-- zorrë -->
  <!-- PIE "gʷerH₁naH₂", root "gʷerH₁" ‘swallow’.  Janson
      34.  Mann 14.  Huld 147.  Pokorny 474.  Watkins "gʷerə-4".
        (as in Lat. "voro") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HAIR">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">flok</pron>
  <!-- flok -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "floccus" ‘flock of wool’, itself with no
      certain etymology; Pokorny has as earlier "flōcos", from
      a PIE "bhlō̆k-".  Huld 88.  EM "floccus".  Pokorny
      161.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HAND">
  <pron r="1">dor</pron>
  <!-- dorë -->
  <!-- Probably something like PIE
      "g̑hēsr", similar to Greek "kheir". Pokorny 203,
      447.  Mann 86, 99.  Huld 54.  Walde 603.
       Ringe 1993 has /dorə/.     Buck 4.33.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAD">
  <pron r="1">kok</pron>
  <!-- kokë -->
  <!-- Not in Huld, Janson, Pokorny,
      Walde.  Çabej lists a "kokë" as a dialectal form of
      "kokërr" ‘grain, anything small and round’.
       Ringe 1993 has /kokə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAR">
  <pron r="1">dəɟ</pron>
  <!-- dëgjon -->
  <!-- Drizari.
       Ringe 1993 has /dədʹon/. 1sg: "-oj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HEART">
  <pron r="1">ze</pron>
  <!-- zemër -->
  <!-- One guess is PIE "gʷhenmer", root "gʷhen" ‘swell’.
      Pokorny 491.  Huld 132. Walde 679.
       Ringe 1993 has /zemər/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HEAVY">
  <pron r="1">rə</pron>
  <!-- rëndë -->
  <!-- PAlb "randë", where the "ndë" may be a
      pres. participle.  But the root is obscure.  Janson 33.  Huld
      108.  Not in Mann, Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HIT">
  <pron r="1">cəɫ</pron>
  <!-- qëllon -->
  <!-- Note "qëllim" ‘aim’.  Not in Huld, Janson, Mann.
       1sg: "qëlloj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HOLD">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">ba</pron>
  <!-- mban -->
  <!-- Prefix "en-", but root very obscure.  Several
      subscribe to a derivation from "bher" ‘carry’, with iterative
      "ey" suffix.  Pokorny 130. Janson 165.  Huld 90.  Mann
      170. Walde 154*. 
       1sg: "mbaj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HORN">
  <pron r="1">bri</pron>
  <!-- bri -->
  <!-- Pokorny groups with PIE "bhrentos"
      ‘deer’.  Pokorny 168.  Mann 92.  Walde 205*.
       Ringe 1993 has /bri/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HUNT">
  <pron r="1">ɟ</pron>
  <!-- gjuan -->
  <!-- Cf. the noun "gjah", ‘a hunt’.  Huld derives from
      "yeH₂g̑h" plus "-ni-".  Mann
      190.  Huld 70.  Pokorny 492.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="HUSBAND">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="MAN1">burː</pron>
  <!-- burrë -->
  <!-- Same word as ‘man’. PIE "bhr̥nos" ‘boy’, perhaps PIE
      "bher" ‘carry’, like ‘belly’. Mann 45.  Huld 46. Pokorny 130,
      148.  Walde 141, 154. 
      ‘man’ is always glossed as the first meaning.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ICE">
  <pron r="1">akuɫ</pron>
  <!-- akull -->
  <!-- Huld 37.  Pokorny 524.
       Unknown.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="KILL">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">r</pron>
  <!-- vret -->
  <!-- Mann suggests a compound of "apo-" and a root like
      "reut", perhaps ‘fall’.  Mann 165.
       Ringe 1993 has 3sg /vret/, past part. /vrarə/. 1sg:
      "vras".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="KNEE">
  <pron r="1">ɟu</pron>
  <!-- gju -->
  <!-- PAlb. "gʎun".  This can be
      related to the other IE langs here if assume a dissimilation of
      /n/ to /l/.  Otherwise, a remote possibility of
      PIE "gleu", extension of "gel" ‘ball’.  Mann 93.
      Janson 28.  Huld 70.  Pokorny 362.
       Ringe 1993 has /dʹu/.  (Eng. "claw")  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="KNIFE">
  <pron r="1">θik</pron>
  <!-- thikë -->
  <!-- Mann suggests PIE "k̑uk-".  Not in Janson, Huld,
      Pokorny.  Mann 66.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="KNOW">
  <pron r="1">di</pron>
  <!-- di -->
  <!-- PIE "dhiH".  Huld 152. Mann 169. 
       Ringe 1993 has 1,3sg. /di/, past part. /dítur/.
      (Skt. "dhīmahi" ‘we think’)   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LAKE">
  <pron r="1" loan="0.7">licen</pron>
  <!-- liqen -->
  <!-- Explained as a loan from Lat. *"lacōnis",
      der. of "lacus" (see LAT); or from Greek "lekánē"
      or "lekánion" ‘hollow, basin’.  Mann 93.  Janson
      205. Pokorny 308, 653.  Not in Huld, Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LAUGH">
  <pron r="1" motiv="0.7">ceʃ</pron>
  <!-- qesh -->
  <!-- Not in Janson, Huld, Mann, Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LEAF">
  <pron r="1">ɟeθ</pron>
  <!-- gjethe -->
  <!-- PAlb "geθ-",
      perhaps earlier "gaθi", PIE "gʷozdo-", ext. of "gʷes"
      ‘foliage’. Huld 69.  Walde 644.  Pokorny 480.
       Ringe 1993 has /dʹeθe/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LEFT">
  <pron r="1">maj</pron>
  <!-- majtë -->
  <!-- Not in Janson, Mann, Huld.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LEG">
  <pron r="1" redund="FOOT1" loan="1">kəmb</pron>
    <!-- Apparently from VLat "camba", "gamba" ‘leg’, from Greek
      "kampḗ", PIE root "kamp" ‘bend’.   Mann 59.  Huld
      80.  Pokorny 525.  EM "gamba".  Watkins "kamp-". 
        (Fre. "jambe"
      ‘leg’, orig. ‘paw’)  -->
</word>

<word sem="LIE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">ʃtr</pron>
  <!-- (rri) shtrirë -->
  <!-- "Shtrirë" ‘stretched out’, from "shtrij" ‘I
      stretch’, PAlb "štriñ", PIE "str̥ni-",
      root "ster" ‘spread’.  Huld 115.  Pokorny 1030.  Mann 195.  Walde 639*.
       Ringe 1993 has /(Ri) štrirə/. "rri" ‘I stay,
      he stays’ (Lat. "sterno", Engl. "straw") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LIVE"> <!-- be alive -->
  <pron r="1">jet</pron>
    <!-- Drizari: jetój ‘live’, cf. jetë ‘life’. -->
</word>

<word sem="LIVER">
  <pron r="1">məlc</pron>
  <!-- mëlçi -->
  <!-- 
      Ringe 1993 has /məlči/.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LONG">
  <pron r="1">ɟ</pron>
  <!-- gjatë -->
  <!-- PAlb. "gʎatë", PIE "dlH₃gh" plus adj. "-të",
      from root "del" ‘long’.  Huld 68.  Mann 38.  Walde 813.  Pokorny 197.
       Ringe 1993 has /dʹatə/. sim. to LAT, ENG, GER 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="LOUSE">
  <pron r="1">morː</pron>
  <!-- morr -->
  <!-- One guess is "mōrkos" ‘itcher’, from "merH" ‘rub raw’.
      Walde 278*, Pokorny 737.
       Ringe 1993 has /moR/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="MAN">
  <pron r="1">burː</pron>
    <!-- burrë -->
    <!-- Same word as ‘husband’. PIE
      "bhr̥nos" ‘boy’, perhaps PIE "bher" ‘carry’, like ‘belly’.
      Mann 45.  Huld 46. Pokorny 130, 148.  Walde 141, 154.
       Ringe 1993 has /buRə/.  
     -->
  <pron r="2">ɲeri</pron>
    <!-- Buck 2.21: Alb. njeri; Skt. nar-, nara-, Av. nar-; 
      Grk. ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός, NG ἄντρας; Osc.-Umbr. ner- used of 
      men of rank (Lat. Nerō, Neriō, MW ner ‘chief’, Loth, RC 41.207); 
      Arm. air. IE *ner-. Walde-P. 2.332f. Ernout-M. 667f. -->
</word>

<word sem="MANY">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">ʃum</pron>
  <!-- shumë -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "summa" (*"supma", from PIE "(s)up(er)" ‘up from
      below’). Mann 201.  Huld 166. Pokorny 1107.  EM "sub".
      Watkins "uper".
       Ringe 1993 has /šumə/.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="MEAT">
  <pron r="1">miʃ</pron>
  <!-- mish -->
  <!-- PAlb "mis", PIE "memsom".  Pokorny 725. Mann 49.  Huld 92.  
       Ringe 1993 has /miš/. like Lat. "membrum". Buck 4.13: mish ‘flesh’.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="MOON">
  <pron r="1">hən</pron>
  <!-- hënë -->
  <!-- PAlb "haNë", PIE "skandnā", root "(s)kand"
      ‘shine’.  Huld 74.  Pokorny 526.  Walde 352.
       Ringe 1993 has /hənə/.  (Lat. "candeo").
       Buck 1.53: Alb. hânë ‘moon’: Skt. candra-, also candramas- : 
        (ç)candra- ‘bright’, 
        (ç)cand- ‘shine’, Lat. candēre ‘shine’, etc. Walde-P. 
        1.352.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="MOTHER">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">nə</pron>
  <!-- nënë -->
  <!-- PAlb "naNë".  Nursery origin is obvious.  Huld 98.
      Janson 98.  Pokorny 754.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="MOUNTAIN">
  <pron r="1">mal</pron>
  <!-- mal -->
  <!-- PIE "ml̥H₃dho". Pokorny has
      "molno", from PIE "mel" ‘emerge’.  Mann 35.  Huld 89.  Walde
      95*.  Pokorny 721.
       Ringe 1993 has /mal/.  (like
      Skt. "mūrdhan-" ‘crown of the head’)  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="MOUTH">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">ɡoj</pron>
  <!-- gojë -->
  <!-- PAlb "goʎë", loan
      from Lat. "gula" ‘throat’; this would be
      "gel", from "gʷel", possibly connected to "gʷerH₁" in
      "zorrë" ‘guts’.  Pokorny 365.  EM 284.  Mann 72.  Huld
      66. Buck 4.24.
       Ringe 1993 has /goyə/.  (Fre. "gueule")  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="NAME">
  <pron r="1">emər</pron>
  <!-- emër -->
  <!-- PAlb "emën", earlier "emon-", PIE "H₁n̥Hmen".
      Pokorny 321.  Mann 89.  Janson 23.  Huld 61.  Walde 132.
       Ringe 1993 has /emər/. same root as LAT, ENG, GER. 
       Buck 18.28.1: émën.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="NARROW">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">nɡuʃt</pron>
  <!-- ngushtë -->
  <!-- PAlb "ngustë".  Loan from LAT "angustus".  Huld 98.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="NEAR">
  <pron r="1">afər</pron>
  <!-- afër -->
  <!-- There is much speculation that this is a loan, but nothing
      very compelling.  Huld 36.  Mann 196.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="NECK">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">caf</pron>
  <!-- qafë -->
  <!-- Most likely a loan from Tur. "kafa".  Huld 106.
       Ringe 1993 has /tʹafə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="NEW">
  <pron r="1">ri</pron>
  <!-- ri -->
  <!-- Huld 108.
       Ringe 1993 has /ri/.     -->
</word>

<word sem="NIGHT">
  <pron r="1">nat</pron>
  <!-- natë -->
  <!-- PIE "nokʷt-", root "nekʷ" ‘get dark’.  Huld 96.  Walde
      338*.  Pokorny 762. 
       Ringe 1993 has /natə/. Buck 14.42.1: natë.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="NOSE">
  <pron r="1">hund</pron>
  <!-- hundë -->
  <!-- Pre-PAlb "hun-To".  Huld
      provides a possible etymology from PIE "naH₂s".  Mann 55.  Huld 76.
       Ringe 1993 has /hundə/. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="NOW">
  <pron r="1">tan</pron>
  <!-- tani -->
  <!-- Best guess is "ta-" (PIE "to"), dem. part. prefixed to "ni"
      ‘now’ (PIE "nū").  Mann 199.  Pokorny 1086. Not in Huld,
      Janson.      -->
</word>

<word sem="OLD">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">vjetər</pron>
  <!-- vjetër -->
  <!-- PAlb "vjeter", earlier "vɛtr̥-", loan from
      Lat. "veterem", q.v.  Huld 131.  Janson 166.
      Not in Mann, Pokorny. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ONE">
  <pron r="1">ɲə</pron>
  <!-- një -->
  <!-- PAlb "ñi", "ñë", earlier "ni-", "njo".
      Huld sees as PIE "smiH₂", root "sem" ‘one’.  Pokorny 902.  Huld
      101. 
       Ringe 1993 has /ɲə/.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="OTHER">
  <pron r="1">jetər</pron>
  <!-- tjetër -->
  <!-- "Të" ‘the’ + "jetër" from PAlb "ɛtVr-",
      PIE "etro-", comparative of "e" ‘that’.  Mann 109.  Huld
      177. Pokorny 284.  Not in Janson. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="PERSON">
  <pron r="1">ɲer</pron>
  <!-- njerí -->
  <!-- PAlb "neri", earlier "nɛr-in-", PIE "H₂ner".  Mann
      85.  Huld 100.  Walde 32*.  Pokorny 765.
       Ringe 1993 has /ɲeri/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="PLAY">
  <pron r="1">lua</pron>
  <!-- luan -->
  <!-- Not in Mann, Huld, Janson, Pokorny.
       3sg: "luaj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="PULL">
  <pron r="1">hec</pron>
  <!-- tërheq -->
  <!-- Prefix "tër" ("tra-") + "heq" ‘pull, withdraw’.  Root
      is obscure.  Huld suggests a "H₂olgʷey-".  Huld 73, 151.
      Not in Janson, Pokorny. Buck 9.33: helk, hek ‘pull, tear off’.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="PUSH">
  <pron r="1">ʃty</pron>
  <!-- shtyn -->
  <!-- PIE "studny-", "(s)teud", root "(s)teu".  Pokorny 1033.
      Mann 65.  Not in Janson, Huld. 
       3sg: "shtyj".  (like  GER. "stoßen")  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="RAIN">
  <pron r="1">ʃi</pron>
  <!-- shi -->
  <!-- Most popular guess is PIE "seuH" ‘juice’, but consonant is
      suspicious.  Mann 85, Huld 113. Walde 468*. Pokorny 912. 
       Ringe 1993 has /ši/. source of ‘suck’ in Lat.,
      Eng., Ger.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="RED">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">kuc</pron>
  <!-- kuq -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "cocceus" ‘scarlet’, from "coccum" ‘kermes’,
      from Greek "kókkos". Mann 112.  Huld 84.  EM.
       Ringe 1993 has /kutʹ/.  Further etymology unknown.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="RIGHT">
  <pron r="1">djaθ</pron>
  <!-- djathtë -->
  <!-- PIE, perhaps "dek̑syo-", root "dek̑s", perhaps
      from "dek̑" ‘take’.  Huld 53.  Janson 135.  Walde 784.
      Pokorny 190.  
        (as in LAT) 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="RIVER">
  <pron r="1">lum</pron>
  <!-- lumë -->
  <!-- Guesses include PIE "slubno" ‘be slick’ and "lei" ‘pour’.
      Huld 88.  Pokorny 664.  Walde 392*.  Mann 97.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ROAD">
  <pron r="1">rːuɡ</pron>
    <!-- Zymberi: rrúgë, -a ‘street’ -->
  <pron r="2">ʃteɡ</pron>
    <!-- shteg -->
    <!-- PIE "stoigho" ‘path’, root "steigh" ‘step’.  Mann 50.  Huld 114.
      Pokorny 1017. Walde 614*.
       Ringe 1993 has /šteg/ ‘path’.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ROOT">
  <pron r="1">rːəɲ</pron>
  <!-- rrënjë -->
  <!-- PIE approx. "wrH₂dnyaH₂", root "wraH₂d", like LAT,
      ENG.  Huld 109.  Mann 35, 71.  Pokorny 1667.
       Ringe 1993 has /Rəɲə/.    
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ROTTEN">
  <pron r="1">kalb</pron>
  <!-- kalbur -->
  <!-- Nominalization of "kalb" ‘I rot’.  Not in Huld, Janson,
      Mann, Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="ROUND">
  <pron r="1">rːumbuɫ</pron>
  <!-- rrumbullák -->
  <!-- "Rrumbull" itself means ‘in a ball’.  Not in Huld, Mann,
      Pokorny, Janson, Boretzky. 
       Ringe 1993 has /Rumbuƚak/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="RUB">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">fər</pron>
  <!-- fërkon -->
  <!-- Loan from LAT "fricat", PIE "bher" ‘apply a sharp tool to,
      hit’.  Huld 64.  Mann 193.  
       1sg: "Fërkoj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SALT">
  <pron r="1" loan="0.5">krip</pron>
  <!-- kripë -->
  <!-- Pokorny lists as "krūpā" with PIE "kreu"
      ‘break’.  Extension of "(s)ker" ‘cut’?  That root may be
      connected to "(s)kel" ‘cut’.
      Pokorny 622.  Huld 82. Mann 92.  Walde 482. 
        ("shkurtër" ‘short’,
      Eng. "short", Lat. "cortex" ‘bark’, "caro" ‘meat’, Eng. "sharp",
      Ger. "scharf"), tying in with "hollë" ‘thin’ 
      Buck 5.81: kripë, loan fr. Slavic, CHSl. krupa ‘crumb’.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SAND">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">rər</pron>
  <!-- rërë -->
  <!-- Loan from LAT.  Mann 63.  Janson 57.
       Ringe 1993 has /rərə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SAY">
  <pron r="1">θ</pron>
  <!-- thotë -->
  <!-- PIE "k̑eH₁" ‘proclaim’. Mann 33.  Huld 119.  Pokorny 566
      "k̑ens".  
       Ringe 1993 has /θotə/, past part.
      /θənə/. 1sg: "them". Buck 18.22.8: thom.
       So Hamp (1989) in Vennemann, New Sound. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SCRATCH">
  <pron r="1">ɡər</pron>
  <!-- gërvish -->
  <!-- Pokorny lists "gër(r)y(e)j", ‘scratch’; could this be
      a fusion between that and "vishkoj" ‘I scrape’?  PIE root is
      "gred".  Pokorny 405.  Not in Mann, Huld, Janson.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SEA">
  <pron r="1">det</pron>
  <!-- det -->
  <!-- Perhaps PIE "dheuboto-", root "dheub".  Huld
      50.  Not in Janson, Mann, Pokorny.        (Eng. "deep") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SEE">
  <pron r="1">ʃeh</pron>
  <!-- sheh -->
  <!-- PIE "sokʷḗsk̑-", causative of
      "sekʷ" ‘see’?  Mann 131, 161,  Huld 114.  Not in Pokorny. 
       Ringe 1993 has /šeh/, past part. /parə/. 1sg:
      "shoh". like ENG, GER   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SEED">
  <pron r="1">far</pron>
  <!-- farë -->
  <!-- PIE approx. "sporaH₂", root "sper".  Mann 61.  Huld 63.
      Not in Pokorny. 
       Ringe 1993 has /farə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SEW">
  <pron r="1">cep</pron>
  <!-- qep -->
  <!-- Mann reconstructs a PIE "kep" as in Lith. "kempù"
      ‘adhere’.  Mann 34.  Not in Janson, Pokorny, Huld.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SHARP">
  <pron r="1">pr</pron>
  <!-- mprehtë -->
  <!-- Adj. of "mpreh" ‘sharpen’. "M-" is clearly a prefix "en-";
      cf. "preh", "pref", same meaning. Mann derives which from
      "per-ōk̑u-", but maybe a connection to "pres", etc., ‘cut’
      is to be sought?  Mann 82.  Not in Huld, Janson.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SHORT">
  <pron r="1" loan="0.7">ʃkurt</pron>
  <!-- shkurtër -->
  <!-- Adverb is "shkurt".  Said to be loan from Lat. "curtus", root "(s)ker"
      ‘cut’.  May be a connection to "(s)kel" ‘cut’.  EM "curtus".
      Not in Huld, Janson, Mann.  ENG "short" 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SING">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">kənd</pron>
  <!-- këndon -->
  <!-- Loan from LAT "canto", iterative of "cano", q.v.  Mann 30.
      Janson 119.  Huld 80. 
       1sg "këndoj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SIT">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">deɲ</pron>
  <!-- (rri) ndenjur -->
  <!-- PIE "en-ten-", root "ten" ‘stretch’.  Mann 162.  Huld 109.
      Pokorny 1066. 
       Ringe 1993 has /(Ri) ndéɲur/.  (Eng. "thin",
      Ger. "dünn" ‘thin’, 
      Lat. "tenuis" ‘thin’, "tenet" ‘holds’.)  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SKIN">
  <pron r="1" loan="0.3">ləkur</pron>
  <!-- lëkurë -->
  <!-- From PIE "lH₁k-er-", root "leH₁k" ‘tear’, like
      Lat. "lacer", although there's a  chance the Albanian is a  loan.
      Huld 86.  Walde 419*.  Pokorny 674.  EM "lacer". 
       Ringe 1993 has /ləkurə/.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SKY">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">cieɫ</pron>
  <!-- qiell -->
  <!-- Loan from LAT.  Huld 107.  Not in Janson, Mann, Pokorny.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SLEEP">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">le</pron>
    <!-- fle -->
    <!-- Mann has as a compound, e.g. "apo-legh-" ‘lie down’, root PIE "legh"
     ‘lie’.  Mann 169.  Not in Huld, Pokorny. 
       Ringe 1993 has 3sg /fle/, past part. /fyétur/.
     -->
  <pron r="2">ɟum</pron>
    <!-- Buck 4.61: gjum. -->
</word>

<word sem="SMALL">
  <pron r="1">voɡəl</pron>
  <!-- vogël -->
  <!-- Mann 108.  Huld 131.  Walde 247.  Not in Pokorny.
       Ringe 1993 has /vogəl/.  Unknown.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SMELL">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1" redund="WIND1">er</pron>
  <!-- marr erë -->
  <!-- ‘Takes’ + ‘wind’, q.v.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SMOKE">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">tym</pron>
  <!-- tym -->
  <!-- Nominalization of "tymos" ‘smoke’, a loan from Old Church Slavic
      "timijasati" ‘burn incense’, a loan from 
      Greek "thumiáza" incense, from "thūō" ‘I
      smoke’, PIE "dhuHmos", root "dheuH" ‘swirl in the
      air’. Lubotsky, p. 59. Huld 117.  Pokorny 261.
       Ringe 1993 has /tüm/. Like LAT "fumus".
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SMOOTH">
  <pron r="1">ləm</pron>
  <!-- lëmuet -->
  <!-- Cf. "lëmoj" ‘I file, sand, smooth’.  Not in Mann, Janson,
      Huld, Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SNAKE">
  <pron r="1">ɟarpər</pron>
  <!-- gjarpër -->
  <!-- PIE root "serp" ‘creep’.  Huld 67.
      Janson 20.  Walde  502*.  Pokorny 912.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SNOW">
  <pron r="1">bor</pron>
  <!-- borë -->
  <!-- Because "bie" ‘fall’ is used for precipitation, may have
      same origin, in PIE "bher".  Huld 45.  Not in Janson,
      Pokorny. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SPIT">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">pəʃt</pron>
  <!-- pështyn -->
  <!-- PIE "spyeuH" as in LAT.  Çabej 255.  Mann 65.  Pokorny 999.
      1sg: "pështyj". Also "pshtyj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SPLIT">
  <pron r="1">can</pron>
  <!-- çan -->
  <!-- PIE "skedny-", root "sked" ‘split’, ext. of "sek" ‘cut’.
      Pokorny 919.  Mann 183. Walde 558*.  Not in Janson, Huld.
       1sg: "çaj".  like Eng. "shatter" (Lat. "secat" ‘cut’, "scit"
      ‘know’, Ger. "Messer" ‘knife’, Eng. "skin") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SQUEEZE">
  <pron r="1">ʃtryð</pron>
  <!-- shtrydh -->
  <!-- Çabej simply says it is native. Not in Mann,
      Huld, Janson, Pokorny.
      1, 3sg.    
     -->
</word>

<word sem="STAB">
  <pron r="1">θer</pron>
  <!-- ther -->
  <!-- PIE "k̑r̥", root "k̑er(H)"
      ‘to wound’.  Pokorny 578.  Janson 127.  Walde 410.  Not in Mann,
      Huld.
       1, 3sg.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="STAND">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="FOOT1">kəmb</pron>
  <!-- (rri) më këmbë -->
  <!-- ‘On + foot’, qv.  PIE root "kamp" ‘bend’.
       Ringe 1993 has /(Ri) mə kəmbə/.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="STAR">
  <pron r="1">yɫ</pron>
  <!-- yll -->
  <!-- Best guess is a PIE "H₁usli", root "H₁eus" ‘burn’.  But
      many try to connect with PIE "sāwel" ‘sun’.  Huld 132.
      Pokorny 881.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="STICK">
  <pron r="1">ʃkop</pron>
  <!-- shkop -->
  <!-- Kiçi &amp; Aliko (1969).  Not in Janson, Huld, Mann,
      Çabej, Pokorny. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="STONE">
  <pron r="1">ɡur</pron>
  <!-- gur -->
  <!-- PIE "gʷerH" ‘mountain’.  Huld 66. Mann 82.  Walde 682.
      Pokorny 477. 
       Ringe 1993 has /gur/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="STRAIGHT">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">drej</pron>
  <!-- drejtë -->
  <!-- Loan from LAT "directus", compound of "rectus", qv.  Huld
      55.  Mann 3. Not in Janson. 
       PIE root "reg̑".  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SUCK">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1">θiθ</pron>
  <!-- thith -->
  <!-- Note "thith(ë)" ‘nipple’, "cicë"
      ‘nipple’, "sise" ‘nipple’.  Çabej notes that "c" often
      changes to "th".  Clearly sounds like a series of nursery words.
      Not in Huld, Janson, Mann. 
      1,3sg.    
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SUN">
  <pron r="1">dieɫ</pron>
  <!-- diell -->
  <!-- Most likely PIE "swelwo-".  Mann 46. Huld 50.  Walde  447*.
       Ringe 1993 has /dieƚ/.  same root as in LAT, GER, ENG  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="SWELL">
  <pron r="1">əɲ</pron>
  <!-- ënj -->
  <!-- Probably PIE "H₂anH₁" ‘breathe’. Pokorny 39.  Mann 193.
      Janson 155.  Not in Huld.      -->
</word>

<word sem="SWIM">
  <pron r="1">not</pron>
  <!-- noton -->
  <!-- PIE "snaH₂" as in LAT.  Huld 148. 
      Ringe 1993 has /noton/.  1sg: "notoj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="TAIL">
  <pron r="1">biʃt</pron>
  <!-- bisht -->
  <!-- Huld 45. Not in Pokorny. 
       Ringe 1993 has /bišt/.  Obscure origin.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="THICK">
  <pron r="1">traʃ</pron>
  <!-- trashë -->
  <!-- "Trash" ‘I thicken’.  Not in Janson, Huld, Mann, Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="THIN">
  <pron r="1">hoɫ</pron>
  <!-- hollë -->
  <!-- PIE "skēlo", root "(s)kel" ‘cut’, like Lat. "culter"
      ‘knife’.  May be a connection to "(s)ker" ‘cut’.  Pokorny
      924.  Huld 75. Mann 95.  Walde 591*. Not in Janson. 
       in which
      case there may be a tie-in to "kripë" ‘salt’,
      "shkurtër" ‘short’ 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="THINK">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="0.7">mend</pron>
  <!-- mendon -->
  <!-- From "mend" ‘mind’, loan from Lat. "mentem",
      PIE root "men" ‘think’.  Pokorny 726.  Huld 91.  Mann 72. EM
      "mens".  Not in Janson.
       1sg: "mendoj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="THREE">
  <pron r="1">tre</pron>
  <!-- tre -->
  <!-- PIE "treyes", root "trey".  Huld 117.
      Mann.  Walde 753. Pokorny 1090. Buck 13.41.  -->
</word>

<word sem="THROW">
  <pron r="1">heð</pron>
  <!-- hedh -->
  <!-- PIE root "(s)keud-" ‘throw’, perhaps from a
      "(s)keu".  Mann 155.  Huld 72.  Walde 554*. Pokorny 956.
       (Eng. "shoot") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="TIE">
  <pron r="1">lið</pron>
  <!-- lidh -->
  <!-- PIE "leig̑", like LAT "ligo".  Pokorny 668.
      Mann 174.  Huld 86.  Tucker "ligo",  Walde 400*. Buck 9.16/
       1,3sg.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="TONGUE">
  <pron r="1">ɟuh</pron>
  <!-- gjuhë -->
  <!-- PAlb "gʎuhë",
      earlier "gluxo"; pre-Alb. "g̑hundsk̑e".  Could be
      related to LAT, ENG, GER if there was a spontaneous metathesis
      from "dn̥g̑hu".  Mann 91.  Huld 71.  Walde 792.
       Ringe 1993 has /dʹuhə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="TOOTH">
  <pron r="1">ðəmb</pron>
  <!-- dhëmb -->
  <!-- PIE "g̑ombhos" ‘tooth’, root "g̑embh" ‘bite’, like Eng. "comb".
      Mann 30. Huld 58.  Pokorny 369.  Walde 575. 
       Ringe 1993 has /ðəmb/.   Buck 4.27: dhëmp.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="TREE">
  <pron r="1">dru</pron>
  <!-- dru -->
  <!-- PAlb "drun-", root "deru".  Pokorny 215.  Mann 33, 69.  Huld
      56.  Walde 805.   (ENG "tree", "true")  
       Ringe 1993 has /dru/.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="TRUE">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">vərt</pron>
  <!-- vërtetë -->
  <!-- Clearly connected to LAT "verus"; loan from "veritatem"? PIE
      "wēr". Not in Huld, Mann, Janson, Pokorny.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="TWO">
  <pron r="1">dy</pron>
  <!-- dy -->
  <!-- PIE, perhaps the fem. "duwai"; root is "dw".  Mann 31,  Huld
      56.  Walde 817. Pokorny 228.
       Ringe 1993 has /dü/.  
     -->
</word>

<word sem="VOMIT">
  <pron r="1">vjeɫ</pron>
  <!-- vjell -->
  <!-- PIE "wel" ‘turn’. Mann 157,  Huld 130. Pokorny 1142. 
        (Lat. "volvo") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WALK">
  <pron r="1">ʃko</pron>
  <!-- shkon -->
  <!-- Major theories
      are: a denominative formation from PIE "stoighos" ‘path’ (root
      "steigh-" ‘walk’); or a borrowing from Germanic, e.g., Gothic
      "skēwjan" ‘walk’. Pokorny 1017.  Mann 146.  Huld 114.
       Ringe 1993 has /ʃkon/. 1sg: "shkoj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WARM">
  <pron r="1">dzeh</pron>
  <!-- nxehtë -->
  <!-- "-të" adj. to "nxeh" ‘I heat’.  There are by-forms
      without the "n-"; root must be "xeh". 
       Ringe 1993 has /ndzehtə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WASH">
  <pron r="1">la</pron>
  <!-- lau -->
  <!-- Connected to LAT "lavo", but possibly via loan.
      PIE root is "law".  Huld 85. Janson 177.  Mann 146.
       1sg: "laj".   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WATER">
  <pron r="1">uj</pron>
  <!-- ujë -->
  <!-- PIE, perhaps "udryom"; root is perhaps "H₂wed" ‘moisten’.
      Man 92.  Huld 121. Pokorny 79.
       Ringe 1993 has /uyə/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WET">
  <pron r="1">laɡ</pron>
  <!-- lagët -->
  <!-- "Lag" ‘moisten’, PIE "wl̥g", root "welg" ‘wet’. Mann
      36.  Pokorny 1145.  Not in Huld, Pokorny. 
        (Eng. "wilt") 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WHITE">
  <pron r="1">barð</pron>
  <!-- bardhë -->
  <!-- PIE "bhr̥Hg̑", root "bherHg̑" ‘bright’,
      ext. of "bher". Huld 40.  Walde 170*.  Pokorny 139. 
       Ringe 1993 has /barðə/.like
      Eng. "bright",   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WIDE">
  <pron r="1">ɟer</pron>
  <!-- gjerë -->
  <!-- Best guess is a PIE "sHn-" ‘send away’.  Pokorny 889.
      Janson 28.  Huld 68.  Walde 463*.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WIFE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1" redund="WOMAN1">ɡr</pron>
  <!-- grua -->
  <!-- Same word as ‘woman’.  PIE "g̑raH₂u-", like Greek
      "graûs" ‘old woman’, root "g̑erH₂" ‘to age’.  Mann
      28, 69, 85, 99.  Huld 66. Pokorny 473, 390.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WIND">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">er</pron>
  <!-- erë -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "aer", from Greek "aḗr", PIE
      "aH₂wer-", perhaps connected to root "H₂wer" ‘raise’.  EM
      "aer".  Pokorny 82,  1150.  Mann 91.  Huld 62.  Watkins "wer-2".
       Also used in the expression for ‘smell’.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WING">
  <pron r="1" motiv="1" redund="FLY1" deriv="1">fl</pron>
  <!-- fletë -->
  <!-- Appears related to the word for ‘fly’. Çabej
      considers this a motivated, expressive formation.   Çabej
      196.  Not in Janson, Mann, Huld.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WIPE">
  <pron r="1" deriv="1">ʃ</pron>
  <!-- fshin -->
  <!-- Mann derives from an "apo-ksūny-"
      (root "kes" ‘scratch’), Pokorny from root "bhes" ‘rub away’.
      Mann 147.  Pokorny 146.  Not in Huld, Janson.
       1sg: "fshij".
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WOMAN">
  <pron r="1">ɡr</pron>
  <!-- grua -->
  <!-- Also ‘wife’.  PIE
      "g̑raH₂u-", like Greek "graûs" ‘old woman’, root
      "g̑erH₂" ‘to age’.  Mann 28, 69, 85, 99.  Huld 66.
      Pokorny 473, 390.
       Ringe 1993 has /grua/.   
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WOODS">
  <pron r="1" loan="1">pyɫ</pron>
  <!-- pyll -->
  <!-- Loan from Pop. Lat. *"padūlem" ‘swamp’,
      Class. "palūdem", nom. "palūs"; PIE "plHoud", from
      "pelH-eu". The root "pelH" may be the ‘fill’ word or the ‘flow’
      word, and indeed the two roots may be the same.  Mann 31. 
      Huld 105.  EM "palūs".  Pokorny 799, 835. Buck 1.41.
      G. Meyer, Alb. Etym. Wtb. 360.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="WORM">
  <pron r="1">krimb</pron>
  <!-- krimb -->
  <!-- PIE "kʷr̥mi-" ‘worm’.  The initial consonant does not
      match with the Germanic and Lat. forms, but the parallel is so
      close there must be some kind of (analogical?) connection.  Huld
      82.  Mann 36.  Pokorny 649.  EM "uermis".  Walde 523.  Not in
      Janson. 
     -->
</word>

<word sem="YEAR">
  <pron r="1">vit</pron>
  <!-- vit -->
  <!-- PIE "wetes", root "wet" ‘year’.  Huld 129.  Pokorny 1175.  Mann 96.
       Buck 14.73.1: vjet.
     -->
</word>

<word sem="YELLOW">
  <pron r="1" loan="1" deriv="1">verð</pron>
  <!-- verdhë -->
  <!-- Loan from Lat. "viridis", q.v. under ‘green’. PIE root
      possibly "weis".  Mann 110.  Huld 84. 
       Ringe 1993 has /verðə/.  
     -->
</word>

</language>

<!-- References.

  Boretzky  Norbert Boretzky (1975-1976).  Der türkische Einfluß auf
            das Albanische.  Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

  Buck      Buck, Carl Darling. (1949). A dictionary of selected synonyms in 
            the principal Indo-European languages. Chicago: University of 
            Chicago Press.   Referenced by concept number.

  Drizari   Nelo Drizari (1957).  Albanian-English and English-Albanian 
            dictionary.  Enlarged ed.  New York: Frederick Ungar.

  Huld      Martin E. Hulde (1983).  Basic Albanian etymologies.
            Columbus, Ohio: Slavica.

  Janson    Bernd Janson (1986).  Etymologische und chronologische
            Untersuchungen zu den Bedingungen des Rhotazismus im Albanischen.
            Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

  KandA     Kiçi, Gasper and Hysni Aliko.  English-Albanian
            dictionary.  Italy, 1969.

  Kacori    Thoma Kacori (1979).  A handbook of Albanian.  Sofia
            University.

  Kiçi      Kiçi, Gasper.  Albanian-English dictionary.  Italy, 1976.

  Mann      Stuart E. Mann (1977).  An Albanian historical grammar.  Hamburg: 
            Helmut Buske.


c and gj are rendered as affricates to keep things similar to other languages.

-->

