| 1.1 | Vocabulary of four languages of the Pacific | 12
|
| 1.2 | Recurrent correspondences from Table 1.1 | 12
|
| 1.3 | Data for Exercise 1 | 27
|
| 2.1 | Types of graphic signs | 32
|
| 2.2 | Scripts of the world | 47
|
| 2.3 | Canaanite family of scripts | 50
|
| 3.1 | Languages of Europe | 56
|
| 3.2 | Indo-European languages | 56
|
| 3.3 | Celtic languages | 58
|
| 3.4 | Germanic languages | 60
|
| 3.5 | Romance languages | 64
|
| 3.6 | Balto-Slavic languages | 65
|
| 3.7 | Indo-Iranian languages | 67
|
| 3.8 | Development of */k̟/ in Indo-European languages | 70
|
| 3.9 | Basic correspondences of voiceless velar stops in the branches of Indo-European | 70
|
| 3.10 | Uralic languages | 72
|
| 3.11 | Languages of the Caucasus | 75
|
| 3.12 | Consonant phonemes of Russian | 81
|
| 3.13 | Vowel phonemes of Russian | 83
|
| 3.14 | Noun paradigms | 87
|
| 3.15 | Sample adjective declension | 88
|
| 3.16 | Personal verb forms in Russian | 91
|
| 3.17 | Consonant phonemes of Finnish | 104
|
| 3.18 | Vowel phonemes of Finnish | 104
|
| 3.19 | Consonant gradation in Finnish nouns | 106
|
| 3.20 | Finnish cases | 108
|
| 3.21 | Personal endings on Finnish verbs | 112
|
| 3.22 | Imperative mood in Finnish | 113
|
| 4.1 | Languages of Asia | 127
|
| 4.2 | Altaic languages | 130
|
| 4.3 | Paleosiberian languages | 136
|
| 4.4 | Sinitic languages | 139
|
| 4.5 | Tibeto-Burman languages | 141
|
| 4.6 | Hmong-Mien languages | 143
|
| 4.7 | Tai-Kadai languages | 144
|
| 4.8 | Austroasiatic languages | 146
|
| 4.9 | Dravidian languages | 147
|
| 4.10 | Mandarin Chinese consonant phonemes | 152
|
| 4.11 | Pronunciation of Chinese rimes | 153
|
| 4.12 | The tones of Mandarin Chinese | 155
|
| 4.13 | Personal pronouns of Mandarin Chinese | 156
|
| 4.14 | Tibetan languages | 167
|
| 4.15 | Tibetan grammatical relation markers | 173
|
| 4.16 | Honorifics in Tibetan | 181
|
| 4.17 | Old Tibetan and Modern Lhasa Tibetan | 188
|
| 4.18 | Hmong and Mandarin Chinese | 190
|
| 5.1 | Languages of Africa | 197
|
| 5.2 | Afro-Asiatic languages | 200
|
| 5.3 | Semitic languages | 200
|
| 5.4 | Berber languages | 203
|
| 5.5 | Chadic languages | 204
|
| 5.6 | Cushitic, Omotic, and Egyptian languages | 205
|
| 5.7 | Nilo-Saharan languages | 209
|
| 5.8 | Northwestern Niger-Congo languages | 214
|
| 5.9 | Benue-Congo languages | 216
|
| 5.10 | Khoisan languages | 220
|
| 5.11 | Symbols used to transcribe clicks | 221
|
| 5.12 | Consonant phonemes of Modern Standard Arabic | 225
|
| 5.13 | Changes in letter shapes between Phoenician and Arabic | 226
|
| 5.14 | The Arabic alphabet | 227
|
| 5.15 | Arabic noun inflections | 230
|
| 5.16 | Arabic personal pronouns, free forms | 233
|
| 5.17 | Arabic personal enclitic pronouns | 233
|
| 5.18 | Verb derivation patterns in Arabic | 234
|
| 5.19 | Arabic active indicative verb inflections | 235
|
| 5.20 | Consonants of Swahili | 242
|
| 5.21 | Swahili genders | 244
|
| 5.22 | Swahili gender markers on nouns | 245
|
| 6.1 | Austronesian languages | 267
|
| 6.2 | Papuan languages | 273
|
| 6.3 | Australian languages | 275
|
| 6.4 | Hawaiian consonant phonemes | 279
|
| 6.5 | Vowel phonemes of Hawaiian | 280
|
| 6.6 | Hawaiian personal pronouns | 283
|
| 6.7 | Case proclitics in Hawaiian | 286
|
| 6.8 | Consonant phonemes of Dyirbal | 299
|
| 6.9 | Dyirbal case inflections | 301
|
| 6.10 | Dyirbal personal pronouns | 306
|
| 6.11 | Dyirbal verb inflections | 306
|
| 6.12 | Dyirbal verb suffixes | 307
|
| 6.13 | Buang data for Exercise 4 | 320
|
| 6.14 | Kiwai data for Exercise 5 | 321
|
| 7.1 | Languages of North America | 326
|
| 7.2 | Eskimo-Aleut languages | 330
|
| 7.3 | Na-Dene languages | 331
|
| 7.4 | Algic languages | 333
|
| 7.5 | Muskogean languages | 335
|
| 7.6 | Siouan languages | 336
|
| 7.7 | Iroquoian languages | 337
|
| 7.8 | Caddoan languages | 338
|
| 7.9 | Yuman languages | 338
|
| 7.10 | Sahaptian languages | 339
|
| 7.11 | Tsimshianic languages | 340
|
| 7.12 | Kiowa-Tanoan languages | 341
|
| 7.13 | Uto-Aztecan languages | 342
|
| 7.14 | Salishan languages | 343
|
| 7.15 | Languages of Mesoamerica | 345
|
| 7.16 | Oto-Manguean languages | 346
|
| 7.17 | Totonacan languages | 348
|
| 7.18 | Mixe-Zoquean languages | 348
|
| 7.19 | Mayan languages | 350
|
| 7.20 | Languages of South America | 351
|
| 7.21 | Languages of the Intermediate Area | 353
|
| 7.22 | Languages of Western Amazonia | 353
|
| 7.23 | Languages of the northern foothills of the Andes | 356
|
| 7.24 | Languages of the Andes | 356
|
| 7.25 | Languages of the southern foothills of the Andes | 357
|
| 7.26 | Languages of southern South America | 359
|
| 7.27 | Languages of Central Amazonia | 360
|
| 7.28 | Languages of Northern Amazonia | 363
|
| 7.29 | Yupʼik consonants | 365
|
| 7.30 | Yupʼik case endings | 366
|
| 7.31 | Quechua consonants | 374
|
| 7.32 | Case endings in Ayacucho Quechua | 376
|
| 7.33 | Quechua personal pronouns | 379
|
| 8.1 | Mixed languages | 403
|
| 8.2 | Pidgins | 409
|
| 8.3 | Creoles | 413
|
| 8.4 | Sign languages | 416
|
| 8.5 | Tok Pisin consonants | 429
|
| 8.6 | Tok Pisin personal pronouns | 430
|