| List of Tables | xiii
|
| List of Figures | xvii
|
| Symbols and Abbreviations | xix
|
| General symbols | xix
|
| General abbreviations | xxi
|
| Glossing abbreviations | xxi
|
| Language codes | xxii
|
| Phonetic symbols | xxxv
|
| 1 | Classification of Languages | 1
|
| 1.1 | Genetic classification | 1
|
| 1.2 | Typological classification of languages | 15
|
| 1.3 | Exercises | 26
|
| 1.4 | Suggested readings | 28
|
| 2 | Classification of Writing Systems | 31
|
| 2.1 | Typological classification of writing systems | 31
|
| 2.2 | Genetic classification of writing systems | 44
|
| 2.3 | Exercises | 51
|
| 2.4 | Suggested readings | 53
|
| 3 | Europe | 55
|
| 3.1 | Indo-European | 56
|
| 3.2 | Uralic | 71
|
| 3.3 | Caucasus area | 75
|
| 3.4 | Basque | 79
|
| 3.5 | Sketch of Russian | 80
|
| 3.6 | Sketch of Finnish | 103
|
| 3.7 | Exercises | 121
|
| 3.8 | Suggested readings | 125
|
| 4 | Asia | 127
|
| 4.1 | Altaic area | 127
|
| 4.2 | Paleosiberian area | 136
|
| 4.3 | Sino-Tibetan | 137
|
| 4.4 | Hmong-Mien | 142
|
| 4.5 | Tai-Kadai | 144
|
| 4.6 | Austroasiatic | 145
|
| 4.7 | Dravidian | 147
|
| 4.8 | Burushaski | 148
|
| 4.9 | Other languages in Asia | 149
|
| 4.10 | Sketch of Mandarin Chinese | 149
|
| 4.11 | Sketch of Classical Tibetan | 165
|
| 4.12 | Exercises | 189
|
| 4.13 | Suggested readings | 194
|
| 5 | Africa | 197
|
| 5.1 | Afro-Asiatic | 198
|
| 5.2 | Nilo-Saharan | 208
|
| 5.3 | Niger-Congo | 212
|
| 5.4 | Khoisan area | 220
|
| 5.5 | Other languages in Africa | 222
|
| 5.6 | Sketch of Modern Standard Arabic | 223
|
| 5.7 | Sketch of Swahili | 241
|
| 5.8 | Exercises | 259
|
| 5.9 | Suggested readings | 263
|
| 6 | Oceania | 265
|
| 6.1 | Austronesian | 265
|
| 6.2 | Papuan area | 272
|
| 6.3 | Australian area | 274
|
| 6.4 | Sketch of Hawaiian | 278
|
| 6.5 | Sketch of Dyirbal | 298
|
| 6.6 | Exercises | 318
|
| 6.7 | Suggested readings | 322
|
| 7 | The Americas | 325
|
| North American area | 325
|
| 7.1 | Eskimo-Aleut | 327
|
| 7.2 | Na-Dene | 330
|
| 7.3 | Algic | 332
|
| 7.4 | Muskogean | 335
|
| 7.5 | Siouan | 336
|
| 7.6 | Iroquoian | 337
|
| 7.7 | Caddoan | 338
|
| 7.8 | Yuman | 338
|
| 7.9 | Sahaptian | 339
|
| 7.10 | Tsimshianic | 340
|
| 7.11 | Kiowa-Tanoan | 340
|
| 7.12 | Uto-Aztecan | 341
|
| 7.13 | Salishan | 343
|
| Mesoamerican area | 344
|
| 7.14 | Oto-Manguean | 346
|
| 7.15 | Totonacan | 346
|
| 7.16 | Mixe-Zoquean | 346
|
| 7.17 | Mayan | 349
|
| South American area | 349
|
| 7.18 | Intermediate area | 351
|
| 7.19 | Western Amazonia | 352
|
| 7.20 | Northern foothills | 355
|
| 7.21 | Andes region | 355
|
| 7.22 | Southern foothills | 357
|
| 7.23 | South | 358
|
| 7.24 | Central Amazonia | 360
|
| 7.25 | Northern Amazonia | 362
|
| 7.26 | Sketch of Central Alaskan Yupʼik | 363
|
| 7.27 | Sketch of Ayacucho Quechua | 372
|
| 7.28 | Exercises | 394
|
| 7.29 | Suggested readings | 397
|
| 8 | Language Birth, Death, and Revitalization | 401
|
| 8.1 | Mixed languages | 401
|
| 8.2 | Constructed languages | 403
|
| 8.3 | Pidgins | 404
|
| 8.4 | Creoles | 409
|
| 8.5 | Sign languages | 415
|
| 8.6 | Language endangerment and renewal | 423
|
| 8.7 | Sketch of Tok Pisin | 427
|
| 8.8 | Exercises | 445
|
| 8.9 | Suggested readings | 447
|
| References | 451
|
| Language Index | 465
|
| Subject Index
|